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A Handbook 


m 


IN 


American Citizenship 


OHIO EDITION 


By RAYMOND MOLEY 


— 


Issued by 

THE AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE OF OHIO 



Senate Members 

H, Ross Ake, Chairman, Canton 
George W. Holi, New Knoxville 
H. J. Ritter, Tippecanoe City 


House Member® 

Robert C. Dunn, Bowling Green 
John W. Gorrell, Malvern 
George S. Myers, Cleveland 


Vernon M. Riegel, State Superintendent of Public Instruction 


Executive Staff 

E. C. Vermillion, State Director 

Arthur F. Neff, Assistant A. D, Anthony, Secretary 

Columbus, Ohio 























EXTRACTS FROM THE DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE 


We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with cer¬ 
tain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern¬ 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new gov¬ 
ernment; laying its foundations on such principles, and organ¬ 
izing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. 

* 5ft * 

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf 
to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind; enemies of war, in 
peace friends. 

* * * 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su¬ 
preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States; that they are absolved from the allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them and the 
state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; 
and that as free and independent States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com¬ 
merce, and do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And for the support of this declara¬ 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov¬ 
idence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for¬ 
tunes, and our sacred honor. 


A Handbook 

IN 

American Citizenship 


By 

RAYMOND MOLEY, Ph.D. 

i* 

Director of the Cleveland Foundation 


Issued by 


THE AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE OF OHIO 


Senate Members House Members 

H. Ross Ake, Chairman, Canton Robert C. Dunn, Bowling Green 

George W. Holl, New Knoxville John W. Gorrell, Malvern 

H. J. Ritter, Tippecanoe City George S. Myers, Cleveland 

Vernon M. Riegel, State Superintendent of Public Instruction 


Executive Staff 

E. C. Vermillion, State Director 

Arthur F. Neff, Assistant A. D. Anthony, Secretary 

Columbus, Ohio 


Copyright 1920, by 
Raymond Moley 








THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 


©C1A610182 


2 

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JAN 12 1921 








itfG a S’ mi**.. 


INDEX 


Chapter Page 

1. Free Government. 5 

2. Our Nation—The United States. 7 

3. Our State—Ohio. ll 

4. The Story of the United States to the Civil War. 15 

5. The Story of the United States after the Civil War. 18 

6. The Story of Industry in America. 21 

7. Our Constitution. 24 

8. The Government of the Nation. 27 

9. How the National Government Serves the People.„. 30 

10. How the State of Ohio is Governed.33 

11. Some Services of the State Government. 35 

12. Making the Laws of Ohio. 38 

13. Law and the Courts. 41 

14. The Government of My City. 44 

15. How the City Government Serves Its People. 45 

16. How the Voters Rule. 47 

17. Political Parties. 52 

18. How to Become a Citizen of the United States. 54 

19. The Rights and Duties of Citizens of the United States. 57 


Appendix 


The Constitution of the United States... 59 

The Bill of Rights of the Constitution of Ohio.74 

Three Songs for Americans... 77 

Important Facts About Our Laws. 78 

Sample Naturalization Forms... 82 

Sample Ballots.*. 90 


3 






























FOREWORD 


This book has been prepared for men and women who are 
preparing for American citizenship. A careful study of these 
lessons should prepare immigrants for the examination for 
second papers. 

Those preparing for citizenship are warned not to use mere¬ 
ly lists of questions and answers. No questions and answers 
have been included in this book because it has come to be rec¬ 
ognized by those best acquainted with the problem| that the 
parroting of a few formulae is no test of real preparation for 
citizenship. This book aims to be comprehensive enough to 
give a broad conception of government while at the same time 
it has sought to limit itself to fundamentals and simple facts. 

It is hoped that the influence of this manual may go beyond 
the purpose of preparing men and women for naturalization. 
All, including the native and foreign born alike, who are in¬ 
terested in good citizenship should appreciate an effort to place 
within the reach of the citizens of Ohio a simple text contain¬ 
ing information concerning government. 

If we are to have real government by all the people, we 
must have citizens who are not only honest but intelligent. 
They must know how to vote, they must understand the laws 
and they must take an interest in public affairs. It is hoped 
that this book may help many citizens to a better understand¬ 
ing of our government, and in that way make them more use¬ 
ful members of the community. 

The Americanization Committee of Ohio. 
November 1, 1920. 

The following books on history and government will be 
found useful in supplementing these lessons: 

Beard & Bagley—“History of the American People.” 

Magruder—“American Government.” 

Hughes—“Community Civics.” 

Lapp—“Our America.” 

Moley & Cook—“Lessons in Democracy.” 

Ashley—“The New Civics.” 


4 



CHAPTER ONE 


FREE GOVERNMENT 
Working Alone 

One hundred years ago most Americans lived and worked 
on farms. The few large towns were not like out great cities 
now. There were no railroads and wagon roads were bad. The 
people traveled very little and had little chance to carry on 
trade. 

For these reasons people made for themselves most of the 
things they needed. The farmer raised all of the food for his 
family. He made his own clothing and built his own house. 
He worked alone; he was independent. 

Working Together 

But great changes took place. Machines were invented for 
making cloth better and faster. The steam engine came into 
use. Railroads and canals were built. 

The building of large factories brought workers to the 
towns. Before long the small towns grew to be great cities. 

After these changes people were not so independent as be¬ 
fore. They needed each other more than before because in the 
new factory the work of many men was used in making a 
single article. Each worker learned to do one thing and to do 
it well. The other articles he needed were made by other 
workmen in other factories. 

Instead of building his own house a man now hires a house 
builder. The food he eats is produced by others. Shoes are 
made in one factory, clothing in another. Workers in one 
trade must depend on workers in other trades for the things 
they need. They co-operate. 

Working Together is Co-operation 

We see this working together or co-operation wherever we 
look. We co-operate in the home, in the factory, in the church, 
in societies and in the government. We cannot live without 
co-operation. 


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American Citizenship 


Our Government Depends Upon Co-operation 

Many things must be done for the people in great cities and 
nations. These things people cannot do for themselves. They 
must be done through co-operation. We have this kind of co¬ 
operation in government. The government builds roads pro¬ 
tects people from disease, defends the nation from enemies, 
cares for the poor and helpless, and supports schools. 

In a republic like ours the citizens take part in the go\ em¬ 
inent. It is like a great lodge or society. The members of this 
society are citizens and its rules are laws. The officers are 
elected by the citizens. If these officers do not satisfy the peo¬ 
ple, others may be chosen instead. In a free government the 
citizens rule. u , j] 


CHAPTER TWO 


OUR NATION—THE UNITED STATES 

The Size of the United States 

The United States is in the middle part of North America. 
Canada is on the north and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico arc 
on the south. The Atlantic Ocean is on the east and the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean is on the west. The area of the United States is 
about three million square miles or four-fifths the area of 
Europe. One-hundred million people live in the United States. 

The States 

The United States is made up of forty-eight states. The 
largest state is Texas; the smallest is Rhode Island. New 
York has the most people. Each state has a capital city. Co¬ 
lumbus is the capital of Ohio. 

Besides the states, our nation includes Alaska, the Hawai¬ 
ian Islands, the Philippine Islands, Porto Rico and some other 
small islands. 


Surface 

Our country is made up of five great regions: 

1. The Atlantic Coast Plain: This is a strip of lowland 
bordering the Atlantic Ocean. 

2. The Appalachian Mountains: These are old, worn down 
mountains in the eastern part of our country; they reach from 
the State of Maine to the State of Georgia. 

3. The Rocky Mountain Highland: This highland occupies 
much of the western half of our country. It is made up of 
high plateaus and rugged mountain ranges. 

4. The Great Central Lowland: This includes the Missis¬ 
sippi Valley, the Great Lakes region, and the region around 
the Gulf of Mexico. It is a thousand miles wide and one of 
the richest farming regions in the world. 

5. The Pacific Slope: This includes some rich lowlands in 
California, Oregon, and Washington. 

7 


M. DAKOTA 


American Citizenship 



Map of United States , with States and Important Cities 























Our Nation—The United States 


9 


Climate 

Our country is so large that there is much difference in cli¬ 
mate between one part and another. In the states farthest 
south there is no frost and snow. Fruits and plants which 
need much heat can be raised there. In the states of the 
northern part the winters are cold but the summers are so 
warm and long that many of the more hardy crops are raised. 

Industries 

1. Farming: Because of the good climate, the heavy rain¬ 
fall, and the rich soil, farming is the most important industry 
in the United States. It is most extensive in the Mississippi 
Valley, around the Great Lakes, along the Pacific Slope, and 
around the Gulf of Mexico. Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and 
fruits are the most important crops of the warm southern 
states. Wheat, corn, vegetables and the more hardy fruits are 
raised in the states farther north. 

2. Mining: The mines of the United States are among its 
most valuable resources. Coal and iron are the most import¬ 
ant minerals. Coal is found in many of the eastern and south¬ 
ern states. In the states near Lake Superior great amounts 
of iron ore and copper are found. In the western mountains 
gold, silver, lead and copper are mined. Petroleum is found 
in greatest quantities near the Gulf of Mexico, in parts of 
West Virginia. Pennsylvania, Ohio and in California. 

3. Lumbering. One of the most important materials is 
wood. Great forests are found in many parts of the United 
States where men work preparing the wood for use. 

4. Herding: In some parts of the West where the rainfall 
is too light for farming, many cattle and sheep are raised. In 
the corn-growing region great numbers of hogs are raised. 
Meat is one of our chief exports. 

5. Commerce: Great steamship lines connect the United 
States with other countries and large cities have grown up on 
the harbors along our shores. The Great Lakes furnish the 
greatest inland water route- in the world. The canals and the 
large rivers are also important in shipping. The United States 
has more railroads than any other nation. More than any 
thing else, the railroads have made it possible to bring such a 
large country under one government. 


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American Citizenship 


6. Manufacturing: From the farms, mines, and forests raw 
products are carried to the cities where many kinds of manu¬ 
facturing take place. Ohio is one of the leading manufactur¬ 
ing states of the nation. Among the most important manu¬ 
factured products of our country are: Iron and steel goods, 
cotton and woolen cloth, packed meats, lumber, flour and meal, 
leather goods, clothing, and paper. 

7. Fishing: As compared with our other industries, the 
value of fishing is not very great. The chief products of this 
industry are oysters and codfish from the Atlantic Coast, sal¬ 
mon from the Pacific Coast and fresh water fish from the Great 
Lakes. 


CHAPTER THREE 


OUR STATE—OHIO 

Our state is named after the Ohio River. “Ohio” is an In* 
dian word which means “beautiful river.” This river forms the 
southern boundry of our state. Lake Erie forms a large part 
of the northern boundry. 

Ohio has an area of 41,040 square miles. Its longest meas¬ 
urement from north to south is about 210 miles and from east 
to west it is 225 miles. 

The population of the state is approximately 5,800,000, or 
one-twentieth of the population of the United States. 

Surface 

The southeastern half of the state is hilly and rough. This 
section is part of the foothills or base of the Appalachian 
Mountains. There are no mountains in Ohio, though some of 
the hills seem very high. The central, western and northern 
parts of the state are more level. The mines of Ohio are in 
the hilly regions; farming is the most important industry in 
the more level sections. 

Climate 

The climate of Ohio is healthful although it is subject to 
sudden changes of weather. The winters are often very cold 
and the summers very warm. In southern Ohio the winters 
are much milder than in the northern part. The rainfall is 
heavy enough to insure successful farming. Much of the rain 
falls during the growing season of the plants. 

Industries 

Farming: Ohio ranks high among the states of the Nation 
in the value of its farm products. Among the more import¬ 
ant crops are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, fruits, vege¬ 
tables, tobacco, swine, cattle and sheep. 

Mining: Ohio is rich in minerals. Coal, gas and oil supply 
heat and light for home as well as power for factories, rail¬ 
roads and steamships. Clay for making pottery, brick and 


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American Citizenship 


tile is another mineral product of Ohio. Salt, sandstone and 
limestone are also found. 

Commerce 

Ohio has excellent means of transportation, although it is 
an inland state. 

The Great Lakes: The lake ports of Ohio (Cleveland, To¬ 
ledo, Lorain, Sandusky, Ashtabula) receive a large part of 
the commerce of the Great Lakes. Vast quantities of iron ore 
from the Lake Superior region are unloaded in these ports. 
Part of this iron ore is used in these cities, but some of it is 
put into freight cars and sent to Pittsburgh. The great lake 
vessels that brought the iron ore, carry back coal and manu¬ 
factured goods to the ports of Lake Superior. 

Railroads: Many great railroads connect the large cities 
of Ohio with each other and with all the great trading centers 
of the United States. 

Rivers and Canals: The shipping on canals and rivers is 
now comparatively small, but for many years these water 
highways contributed much to the growth of the state. 

Manufacturing 

Ohio has these natural advantages for manufacturing: (1) a 
supply of fuel and water power; (2) a supply of raw materials; 
(3) excellent means of transportation, and (4) its location in a 
productive farming section where food is abundantly pro* 
duced. 

Among the chief manufactures of Ohio are: Iron and steel 
goods, machine shop products, rubber goods, packed meats, 
flour and grist mill products, clothing, automobiles, lumber, 
leather goods, clay products, tobacco, farm implements, stoves, 
paper, sewing machines, oils, paints, chemicals and soap. 

THE TEN LARGEST CITIES IN OHIO 

Popu- 

City lation 

Cleveland .....796,836 

Cincinnati . ..401,158 

Toledo .243,109 

Columbus . 237,031 






Our State—Ohio 


13 


Akron .208,435 

Dayton .153,830 

Youngstown .132,358 

Canton . 87,091 

Springfield . 60,840 



Note: See Professor W. M. Gregory's “Geography of Ohio,” pub¬ 
lished as a part of Brigham & McFarlane’s “Geography.” It is the 
best short description of the geography of Ohio. 







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American Citizenship 






George Washington Abraham Lincoln 





CHAPTER FOUR 


THE STORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
TO THE CIVIL WAR 

The Discovery of a New Land 

In 1492 an Italian sailor named Christopher Columbus sailed 
west from Spain over the Atlantic Ocean. He hoped that by 
sailing in this direction he could find a short route to Asia. He 
was one of the few men of his time who believed that the earth 
was round. 

After a voyage of six weeks Columbus and his men reached 
a small island near the southeastern coast of the United States. 
They had not reached Asia; they had not discovered the riches 
which they had expected; and Columbus died a disappointed 
man. It was not until after his death that the greatness of his 
discovery of America was known to the people of the world. 

The First Immigrants 

After the discovery of a great new continent many of the 
nations of Europe sent immigrants to America. Spanish, 
French and English left their homes and took up land here. 
Later, people from other nations came. This immigration con¬ 
tinued until in 1775 three million people lived near the At¬ 
lantic coast. In the course of time several wars were fought 
among European nations for the possession of the new conti¬ 
nent and as a result of these England finally secured practic¬ 
ally all of the eastern part of what is now the United States. 

Many of the early immigrants came to America seeking re¬ 
ligious or political freedom. Many others came to find better 
opportunities to make a living. A few came merely for ad¬ 
venture and after a while they returned to Europe. The best 
immigrants then as now were those who came to make per¬ 
manent homes for themselves and their families. 

The War for Independence 

In 1775 there were thirteen colonies (or states) along the 
Atlantic Coast. These were owned by England, governed by 


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American Citizenship 


English laws and ruled by officers sent by the English king. 
Some of the laws of the king were very oppressive and finally 
the Americans refused to obey them. The Revolutionary War 
began in 1775. In 1776 a number of the leading men of the 
colonies signed a statement telling why the American people 
should be independent. This statement is called the Declara¬ 
tion of Independence. The day upon which it was signed was 
July 4th, which is still celebrated as our great national holiday. 

After a long war England was compelled to recognize the 
independence of the United States of America. During this 
war, America was helped by many great Europeans. France 
sent an army and navy to help. -Lafayette, the leader of the 
French in this war, is greatly honored by Americans. Other 
foreign friends in this war were Kosciusko, a Pole, and De- 
Kalb, a Bavarian. 

The New Government 

In Chapter Eight we learn how, after the Revolution, the 
leading men of the new nation formed a Constitution. Under 
this constitution, a new government took office in 1789, with 
Washington as the first president. He served two terms and 
retired to his home at Mt. Vernon in Virginia. 

The Growth of the New Nation 

The nation grew rapidly in size and population. In 1803 a 
vast territory was purchased from France. This was called 
the Louisiana Purchase, and it included most of that part of 
the United States which lies west of the Mississippi River. 
Other territory was gained by the purchase of Florida and of 
Alaska. The territory of California, New Mexico and Arizona 
was taken from Mexico after a war with that country. Many 
great Americans have not approved of this war with Mex¬ 
ico, saying that we were not right in taking away a part of the 
land of another country. 

With this great growth in area went also a great growth in 
population. The following table shows the growth of the 
population of the United States from 1790 to 1920: 


Year Population 

1790. 3,929,214 

1800. 5,308,493 




Story of United States to Civil War 


17 


1810. 7,239,881 

1820.:. 9,638,453 

1830. 12,866,020 

1840..'. jl . 17,069,453 

1850. 23,191,876 

I860. 31,443,321 

1870. 38,558,371 

1880. 50,155,783 

1890. 62,947,714 

1900. 75,994,575 

1910. 91,972,266 

1920.105,683,108 


The Civil War 

At first slaves were owned in almost every state, but mainly 
in the South, where they were used on the cotton plantations. 
Finally, the North came to believe slavery was wrong-; and for 
more than twenty years there was a dispute over this ques¬ 
tion between northern and southern states. The southern 
states claimed the right to leave the Union. So when, in 1860, 
Abraham Lincoln, who was a northern man, was elected Pres¬ 
ident, the southern states withdrew, from the United States 
and set up a government of their own. This started a long 
war in which the North was successful. Since that time no 
states have tried to break away from the Union. 

Abraham Lincoln guided the Nation with great wisdom and 
power during the Civil War and has ever since been considered 
by many to be the greatest American who ever lived. In 
1863 during the war he proclaimed the freedom of the slaves. 
In 1865, when the war was practically over, Lincoln was killed 
by an assassin. 














CHAPTER FIVE 


THE STORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 

The Development of the West 

After the Civil War there began a great movement of the 
people to the western part of the United States. Farm lands 
were thrown open by the government to settlers, and thou¬ 
sands found homes in the great states west of the Mississippi 
River. Gold, copper, silver and other minerals were found, 
and in a few years the west became a civilized country filled 
with rich farms and prosperous cities. 

The South too recovered from the effects of the war. Before 
the Civil War, the slave owners had said that the freeing of the 
slaves would ruin the South and that the colored people, when 
free, would not continue to be useful workers. Instead of this, 
freedom for the slaves was a great improvement both for 
colored and for white people. All classes tried harder than 
ever before to build up the country. The production of cot¬ 
ton, sugar and lumber increased. In recent years, the discov¬ 
ery of iron and coal in some of the southern states has brought 
about a great deal of manufacturing there. Birmingham, in 
Alabama, has been called the “Pittsburgh of the South.” 

Immigration 

From 1840 to 1880 the immigrants who came to. the United 
States from Europe were mainly from the North European 
countries such as Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Scot¬ 
land and Ireland. After 1880 immigrants from Italy, Austria- 
Hungary and Russia came in vast numbers and settled in the 
great cities of America. In 1907 more than 1,250,000 immi¬ 
grants came to America. In the years that have followed, 
these immigrants have become most necessary workers in all 
of our great industries. 

The Panama Canal 

One of the most important events in the history of our na¬ 
tion was the building by the government of the Panama Canal. 


18 


Story of United States After Civil War 19 

This canal, completed in 1913, joins the Atlantic Ocean with 
the Pacific Ocean. This makes it unnecessary, in sailing from 
East to West, to go around South America. 

The United States as a World Power 

With its growth in power and wealth, the United States be¬ 
gan to take a great interest in the affairs of the world. Its re¬ 
lations with other nations became more and more important. 
In 1898 a short war was fought with Spain which resulted in 
Cuba becoming an independent republic and in adding to the 
territory of the United States the island of Porto Rico, the 
Philippine Islands and the Hawaiian Islands. The interests of 
the United States and its citizens in the far parts of the world 
has grown very great. In a very real sense, our nation has be¬ 
come a world power. 

The War With Germany 

For a long time after the beginning of the Great European 
War in 1914, the United States attempted to keep an attitude 
of strict neutrality. But as the war became more wide-spread 
we found that it was more and more difficult to keep out. 
Finally, after our rights and the rights of humanity itself had 
been violated by the rulers of Germany, we entered the con¬ 
flict. In addition to using our navy (second in size only to 
Great Britain) to defeat the German submarine warfare, we 
sent more than two million soldiers to France. The aid of the 
United States came in time to save the allies and to help in 
the overthrow of the militaristic governments of Germany and 
Austria-Hungary. 

Presidents of the United States 


1. George Washington .1789-1797 

2. John Adams.1797-1801 

3. Thomas Jefferson *..1801-1809 

4. James Madison .1809-1817 

5. James Monroe.1817-1825 

6. John Quincy Adams ..1825-1829 

7. Andrew Jackso,n ....1829-1837 

8. Martin Van Buren.1837-1841 

9. William H. Harrison ..1841-. 


/ 












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American Citizenship 


10. John Tyler ..1841-1845 

11. Tames K. Polk.1845-1849 

12. Zachary Taylor...1849-1850 

13. Millard Fillmore.1850-1853 

14. Franklin Pierce .1853-1857 

15. James Buchanan .1857-1861 

16. Abraham Lincoln .1861-1865 

17. Andrew Johnson .1865-1869 

18. Ulysses S. Grant .1869-1877 

19. Rutherford B. Hayes.1877-1881 

20. James A. Garfield .....1881-. 

21. Chester A. Arthur .1881-1885 

22. Grover Cleveland .:.1885-1889 

23. Benjamin Harrison .1889-1893 

24. Grover Cleveland .1893-1897 

25. William McKinley.1897-1901 

26. Theodore Roosevelt .1901-1909 

27. William Howard Taft.1909-1913 

28. Woodrow Wilson.1913-1921 

29. Warren G. Harding......1921- 

The Thirteen Original States 

New Hampshire 
Massachusetts 
Rhode Island 
Connecticut 
New York 
New Jersey 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Georgia 























CHAPTER SIX 


THE STORY ON INDUSTRY IN AMERICA 
Industrial Revolution 

One of the greatest events in the history of the world was 
the Industrial Revolution. This means the rise during the last 
150 years of the modern methods of manufacturing and carry¬ 
ing the things which we need for living. This great change 
has been brought about by the invention of modern machinery. 
It has changed conditions of living more in 150 years than any- 
thing that has happened in two thousand years. America has 
had a great part in the Industrial Revolution. 

The Cloth Industry 

The first great industry to develop was that of making cloth. 
More than one hundred years ago machines for spinning and 
weaving were invented in England and soon brought to Amer¬ 
ica. An American, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin, a 
machine for preparing cotton for the making of cloth. Great 
mills were built in New England for the making of cloth. 
Other factories were built in our large cities where this cloth 
is made into clothing. 

N 

The Iron and Steel Industry 

For building the new machines iron and steel were needed. 
Coal was also needed to drive the engines and to help in mak¬ 
ing steel. The first steel plants were built between 1790 and 
1820. This important industry has grown up in Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Alabama, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois. 

—- .. 

Improved Transportation 

With the development of new industries, came the need of 
new and improved methods of transportation. In 1825 the 
Erie Canal was finished. The building of this canal was car¬ 
ried on by the state of New York. When completed it was 363 
miles long and extended from Albany to Buffalo. Thus, in 
building this canal, the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and of 

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American Citizenship 


the Great Lakes were brought together and the way was 
open to carry goods between the East and West. The building 
of this canal reduced the cost of carrying a ton 100 miles from 
$32 to $1. Later on canals were built through the state of 
Ohio, joining the Ohio River with Lake Erie. Thus all of the 
great central states were brought into closer touch with the 
East. 


The Steamboat and the Railroad 

In 1807 Robert Fulton showed that the steam engine could 
be used to propel a ship. He made a trip from New York City 
to Albany in his steamboat the Clermont. Within a few 
years great ships were in every sea, carrying the products of 
the farms, the mines, the forests and the factories. 

The first railroad of America was put into operation in 1828. 
In the years that followed, railroads were built in every state 
until in 1860 the United States had 30,000 miles. In 1869 
one of the important events of American history took place 
in a lonely desert in Utah,—the opening of the Union Pacific 
Railroad which marked the completion of a railroad which 
joined the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1910 there were 
in the United States 242,000 miles of railroads. 

The Telegraph and the Telephone 

The first telegraph was successfully put into operation by 
S. F. B. Morse in 1844. Within a few years the most distant 
places were bound together by this method of instant com¬ 
munication. In 1858 the first Atlantic Cable was laid joining 
America and Europe. Later, the telephone (a product of the 
efforts of many inventors) was put into practical use by Alex¬ 
ander Graham Bell. 

Industrial Combinations 

After industry had grown to a very large extent, a move¬ 
ment started to combine the different companies doing the 
same business into great corporations. By the year 1900 this 
movement was growing very rapidly. Some of the great cor¬ 
porations organized about this time were The Standard Oil 
Company, The United States Steel Corporation, The Interna- 


Story of Industry in America 


23 


tional Harvester Company, and The American Tobacco Com¬ 
pany. 


The Heroes of the Industrial Revolution 

In former times and in older countries the heroes have gen¬ 
erally been great and successful soldiers. Sometimes it has 
been customary to honor above all others the memory of great 
statesmen. While America is proud to honor its soldiers and 
statesmen, it does not forget that the greatest men are those 
who make it possible for all men to have a more complete life. 
Who will say that those who took a great part in the Indus¬ 
trial Revolution were not heroes too! First there were the 
inventors who worked long years to make perfect the new ma¬ 
chines. Then the organizers and engineers who built the in¬ 
dustries, railroads, canals and ships. Then the men who man¬ 
aged the new industries. Finally, the millions of t work ers 
who took part in the mighty task of building a great nation. 
America does not require that its heroes be of high birth or 
noble blood. Its heroes are those who work with hands and 
minds to make a better nation. 

Note: The best and most helpful account of the new interpretation 
of American history will be found in Beard & Bagley’s “History of the 
American People.” The teacher is urged to use this in connection 
with this and the preceding lesson. 



CHAPTER SEVEN 


OUR CONSTITUTION 

Thirteen States That were Not United 

Before the War for Independence this country was made up 
of thirteen colonies. When that war against England began, 
these colonies sent men to represent them in a body called the 
Congress. This Congress was to govern the thirteen states 
as one nation in order that all might fight together for free¬ 
dom. Dtiring the war all went well. The states were united 
because they had the same enemy. But after the war they 
were united no longer. Each state elected its own officers 
and made its own laws. It was not compelled to pay taxes for 
the support of the nation nor to obey the laws of Congress. So 
the United States were not really united at all. George Wash¬ 
ington said, “We are one nation today and thirteen tomorrow.” 

Why a Strong Nation Was Needed 

Allowing the states so much power brought about many bad 
results. Many things were needed to be done which no state 
could do well alone. The United States had borrowed money 
to pay the expenses of the war. There was no way of raising 
money to pay the interest on this debt. Each state could pay 
its share or could refuse. It could not be compelled to pay. 
Each state coined its own money. This meant that many kinds 
of money were in use at one time. There was no way to con¬ 
trol commerce and trade among the states. There was no way 
to pay the expenses of an army and navy to defend the new 
nation. The states were like thirteeen little nations. 

Making the Constitution 

This condition lasted six years after the Revolution. By 
that time it became plain that a stronger national government 
was necessary if the United States was to be actually one na¬ 
tion. In 1787 a number of men sent from each of the states 
met in Philadelphia to form a better government. They pre¬ 
pared a law providing for a new £orm of government for the 


24 


Our Constitution 


25 


nation. This law was called the Constitution. The states 
agreed to accept it as the highest law of the land. 

Since that time the states have increased in number from 
13 to 48 and the population of the nation has increased from 
three million to one hundred million. But the Constitution, 
with a few changes, is still binding upon the nation. It is the 
supreme law of the land. 

What the Constitution Tells Us 

Briefly, the Constitution tells us three things: 

1. The form of government. 

2. The rights of citizens. 

3. The powers of the states and of the nation. 

The purposes of our government are set forth in the open¬ 
ing paragraph of the Constitution. This paragraph is called 
the Preamble. 


The Powers of the Nation 

The powers of the nation are stated in Section 8 of the Con¬ 
stitution. The more important ones are: 

1. Regulating (or making rules for) commerce among the 
states. 

2. Making rules for commerce with other nations. 

3. Borrowing money for the Nation. 

4. Coining money. 

5. Defending the Nation with an army and navy. 

6. Providing for the carrying of mail. 

7. Issuing patents and copyrights. 

The Powers of a State 

The states have all powers which are not: 

(1) Given to the national government alone. 

(2) Forbidden by the Constitution. 

The Flag of the Nation 

The flag of the United States stands for both the Nation and 
for the states. The forty-eight stars stand for the forty-eight 
states and the thirteen stripes represent the thirteen original 
states. 


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The Capitol of the United States, Washington, 

























CHAPTER EIGHT 


THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NATION 

The Three Parts of the National Government 

The government of the Nation is. divided by the Constitu¬ 
tion into three parts or branches. 

1. Congress, the legislative branch, which makes the laws. 

2. The President, the chief executive, who carries out the 

laws. 

3. The Supreme Court, the judicial branch, which tells the 
meaning of, or interprets, the laws. 

I. THE CONGRESS 

The Congress of the United States is made up of two parts, 
the Senate and the House of Representatives. The sessions of 
Congress begin in December of each year. 

The House of Representatives 

The House of Representatives has more than four hundred 
members elected by the voters of the Nation. Ohio is allowed 
to elect twenty-two members. Each of these is elected in a 
district. Members of the House of Representatives are elec¬ 
ted for terms of two years. A member of the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives must be twenty-five years old, a citizen of the 
United States for seven years and live in the state from which 

elected - . . u j . Ill ;ailkJ 

The Senate 

Each state is allowed two senators. The term of a senator 
is six years. Ohio elected a senator in 1916 and another in 
1920. The present senators from Ohio are Atlee Pomerene 
and Frank B. Willis. A senator must be thirty years old, nine 
years a United States citizen and live in the state from which 
elected. 


II. THE PRESIDENT 

The President must be thirty-five years old, a citizen of the 

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United States by birth and a resident for fourteen years. He 
is elected indirectly by the voters for a term of four years. The 
voters vote for electors, who in turn elect the President. Each 
state has as many Presidential electors as it has senators and 
representatives. Ohio has twenty-four electors. 

The President has many duties of which the most import¬ 
ant are: 

1. To represent the United States in all its relations with 
other nations. 

2. To command the army and navy. ' ^ 

3. To advise Congress when he thinks new laws are needed. 

4. To see that the laws of the Nation are obeyed. 

5. To appoint a large number of officers of the government. 

The President’s Cabinet 

The President has ten officers who help and advise him in 
carrying on the work of the government. They are: 

The Secretary of State 
The Secretary of the Treasury 
The Secretary of War 
The Attorney-General 
The Postmaster-General 
The Secretary of the Navy 
The Secretary of the Interior 
The Secretary of Agriculture 
The Secretary of Commerce 
The Secretary of Labor 

This group of officers is called the Cabinet of the President. 

III. THE SUPREME COURT 

The third branch of the national government is the Supreme 
Court. This highest court has nine members called justices. 
It tells the meaning of laws passed by Congress. The justices 
of this court are appointed by the President and hold office for 
life. 


The Capital of the Nation 

The city of Washington is the capital of the United States. 
It is located in the District of Columbia. 


Three Parts of the National Government 29 

Congress and the Supreme Court meet in Washington and 
the President lives there. 

Note: The student should know the number of his congressional 
district and the name of its representative. 


CHAPTER NINE 


HOW THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 
SERVES THE PEOPLE 

A good government serves the public. Our national, state 
and city governments serve us in many ways. 

. , 

How the National Government Serves 

The Constitution of the United States points out some of 
the ways in which the national government must serve the 
public. Among these ways are: (1) defending the nation; (2) 
regulating commerce; (3) coining money; (4) providing 
postal service. 

The Postal Service 

One of the best services of the national government comes 
through the postal system. There are more than 60,000 post- 
offices in the cities and villages of the United States where 
letters and packages may be sent and received. Valuable let¬ 
ters or packages may be registered or insured and sent safely 
by mail. Money orders may be purchased for a few cents, so 
that money may be safely sent anywhere in the United States 
and also to foreign countries. Two cents will send a one- 
ounce letter anywhere in the United States. 

Savings may be deposited at the Postal Savings windows of 
any postoffice. In this way the government serves the people 
as a bank. 


Public Health 

The government also serves us in many ways not named in 
the Constitution. It protects the health of its citizens by ex¬ 
amining all immigrants who come to Ellis Island to see that 
they bring no disease. Pure food laws protect us against 
impure food and drugs. Thousands of inspectors work for 
the government in packing houses and factories to see that 
meat and other foods are clean and free of disease. 

The national government has provided a Children’s Bureau 


30 


How the National Government Serves the People 31 

to look after the welfare of children. Congress has also passed 
laws to prevent the employment of children in factories. 

Help to Farmers 

Tfye United States Department of Agriculture spends mil¬ 
lions of dollars each year in helping the Nation’s farmers. It 
studies ways of farming and gives out free information as to 
which methods are best for different localities. This depart¬ 
ment runs the Weather Bureau and through it warns the farm¬ 
ers of sudden weather changes. This gives the farmers a 
chance to protect their crops and herds against frost and 
storms. 


National Denfense 

The United States has an army and navy to defend the coun¬ 
try from attack. 

The Nation has a very small regular army in peace times. 
Service in it is not compulsory. Only in time of war are men 
compelled to become soldiers. 

In size, the United States navy is second in the world. 

Foreign Affairs 

The Department of State looks after the transactions which 
Americans have with foreign countries. It sends ambassadors 
and consuls to all other nations. These men look after the in¬ 
terests of American citizens who are in foreign lands. When 
an American citizen wishes to travel in a foreign country, he 
can get a passport from the Department of State at Washing¬ 
ton. A passport is a certificate which identifies a person and 
gives him protection in foreign countries. 

Note: For a more complete discretion of the services of the na¬ 
tional government see Magruder’s “American Government,” Chapters 
8 to 13. 


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American Citizenship 


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i 


The State House, Columbus, Ohio 















CHAPTER TEN 


HOW THE STATE OF OHIO ifc GOVERNED 
The Constitution of Ohio 

The Constitution of the United States is the highest law in 
all states. But the states also have constitutions. The Consti¬ 
tution of Ohio tells how this state is to be governed. The Con¬ 
stitution of Ohio can be changed by a vote of the people of the 
state. 


The Parts of the State 

The state is divided into 88 parts. These parts are called 
counties. The officers of the county are elected by the voters 
who live in the county. These officers carry on the work of 
the state within the county. 

The Three Branches of the State Government 

The government of our state is much like the government 
of the United States. It has three branches. They are: 

The General Assembly, which makes the laws of the state; 

The Governor and his helpers, who carry out the laws; 

The State Courts, which tell the meaning of the laws. 

These are sometimes called the legislative, executive and 
judicial branches of the state government. 

The General Assembly 

The General Assembly makes laws for the state. It is made 
up of two houses like the Congress of the Nation. One house 
is called the Senate and the other is called the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives. The members of the General Assembly are elec¬ 
ted by the voters of the state. Members of the General As¬ 
sembly are elected for two years. 

The Executive Officers of the State of Ohio 

The Governor and His Duties: The chief executive officer 
of the state is the governor. He is elected by the voters of the 
state for a term of two years. His more important duties are: 


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1. To enforce the laws of the state. 

2. To tell the General Assembly about the condition of the 
state. 

3. To command all the state troops except when they are in 
the service of the United States. 

4. To appoint a large number of state officers who assist him 
in the execution of the laws. 

Other Important State Officers and Their Duties 

The Secretary of State keeps the records of the state govern¬ 
ment, looks after elections, issues automobile licenses and in 
addition has a number of smaller duties. 

The Treasurer of State has charge of the money of the state 
government. 

The Auditor of State keeps the accounts of the state. 

The Attorney-General is the attorney for the state govern¬ 
ment. 


Officers of a County 

The following officers are elected to carry on the work of 
the state within the county: 

The County Commissioners build and keep in repair all 
county buildings, bridges and roads. There are three commis¬ 
sioners in each county. 

The County Surveyor is consulting engineer and helps the 
commissioners in building roads and bridges. 

The County Sheriff serves papers for the courts and some¬ 
times is required to act as a police officer in keeping the peace 
within the county. 

The County Coroner inquires into all deaths which are not 
due to natural causes. 

The Prosecuting Attorney represents the state in court and 
advises all of the county officers in legal matters. 

The Clerk of Courts cares for papers and records for the 
courts and of the county. He also issues citizenship papers. 

(The State Courts are discussed in a later chapter.) 


CHAPTER ELEVEN 


SOME SERVICES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT 
Assistance to Workers 

The State Industrial Commission is a board of three mem¬ 
bers who have a number of duties connected with the welfare 
of labor. They supervise every place of employment and en¬ 
force state laws protecting the safety and health of workers. 
They also have charge of the Workmen’s Compensation Law. 
That law is described in that part of this book called “Import¬ 
ant Facts About Our Laws.” (See page 80). 

Care of the Unfortunate 

Often the men and women who need help most are those 
who have committed crimes. Ohio is building a prison near 
Columbus where such people are kept and where they may 
learn to live better lives and to become useful citizens. The 
state also has schools for the deaf and blind and hospitals for 
the insane, the feeble-minded and for those suffering from seri¬ 
ous diseases. The Ohio State.Board of Administration has 
charge of all state benevolent, correctional and penal institu¬ 
tions. 


Public Health 

Th£ State Department is charged with the duty of prevent¬ 
ing the spread of disease and of promoting the public health 
in Ohio. It carries out the health laws of the state and assists 
the health officers of cities in their work. This department 
educates people in the best methods of avoiding disease, in¬ 
vestigates and seeks to control contageous diseases, inspects 
public water supplies and systems of sewerage, makes 
scientific examination of food and drugs, and gives advice to 
industries as to the best methods of promoting the health of 
workers. The states has 168 district health organizations as¬ 
sisting in this work. 

r * 

Public Education 

The State of Ohio spends a great amount of money each 


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American Citizenship 


year upon the education of its citizens. The largest state 
school is the State University at Columbus. In this Univers¬ 
ity and in the other state schools men and women are trained 
for better citizenship and for more useful service. Teachers, 
doctors, lawyers, and farmers are trained in the state schools. 
The State Superintendent of Public Instruction inspects the 
schools of the state in which children are educated, provides 
examinations for teachers and prepares courses of study for 
high schools. 


Assistance to Farmers 

The State Agricultural Commission of Ohio assists the farm¬ 
ers of the state in many ways. A state fair is held each year, 
institutes are held in all parts of the state for the purpose of 
giving instruction in farming methods and great farms are 
maintained for the purpose of experimentation in new methods 
of farming. 

Road Building 

While most of our roads are built and kept in repair by coun¬ 
ties, townships and cities, the state government is spending 
more every year in building state roads. The General As¬ 
sembly in 1919, set aside more than three million dollars for 
road building and repairs. 

The Cost of the State Government—(1917-1918) 


For Education ...$6,768,602.82 

For Charities and Correction. 6,122,699.15 

For Roads and Public Works. 3,683,024.65 

For Administrative Offices. 2,666,295.11 

For Courts. 813,894.73 

For Military Affairs . 401,803.19 

For Public Health. 139,738.05 

For General Assembly. 195,068.20 


Thus for the needs of the state government itself, about $20,- 
000,000 is required each year. This is much smaller than the 
total required for all the cities, townships, school districts and 
counties. For these latter purposes over $130,000,000 is re¬ 
quired. Thus in all there must be collected in Ohio for the 
expenses of state and local government over $150,000,000, 










Services of the State Government 


37 


Direct and Indirect Taxes 

For the expenses of local units of government such as cities, 
counties, and school districts the chief source of income is from 
“direct” taxes upon property. For a part of the expenses of lo¬ 
cal government and for three-fourths of the expenses of the 
state government “indirect” taxes such as corporation taxes 
and automobile licenses are collected. 

The General Property Tax 

The most important tax in Ohio is that levied upon, property 
both real and personal. Assessors are elected in each local tax¬ 
ing district who list the value of all property. Each person 
must make a “return” on the value of his property and swear 
that his statement is true. After the assessors have listed the 
value of all property the tax rate is fixed. The state consti¬ 
tution forbids a rate higher than .015. 

Paying Taxes 

The County Treasurer is the official tax collector. The law 
allows taxes to be paid in two parts, one before December 20th 
and the other before June 20th. 

Bonded Indebtedness 

A city or county borrows money by issuing bonds. The total 
bonded debts of all local governments in Ohio is about $300,- 
000,000. 

Note: For further information about the finances of Ohio, see the 
State budget issued by the State Budget Commissioner, the reports 
of the State Auditor. For a good statement concerning taxation see 
Magruder’s “American Government,” Chapter 27. 


CHAPTER TWELVE 


MAKING THE LAWS OF OHIO 
The State As a Law Maker 

The laws made by the state Assembly are of great import¬ 
ance to the citizen. While very important laws are made by 
Congress, the state Assembly makes many more. State laws 
touch us on every side. 

The General Assembly 

The Senate: The upper house of the General Assembly is 
called the Senate. It has thirty-seven members chosen from 
senatorial districts. The terml ^ of a senator is jtwo. years. The 
President of the Senate is the Lieutenant-Governor of the 
State. 

The House of Representatives: The lower house of the Gen¬ 
eral Assembly is called the House of Representatives. It has 
125 members who are chosen from counties. Some of the 
larger counties elect several members of the House. A rep¬ 
resentative is chosen for two years. The presiding officer in 
the House of Representatives is called the “Speaker/’ He is 
chosen by the representatives themselves from among their 
number. 


The Story of a Law 

1. John Smith, a citizen, wrote a letter to Mr. Brown, the 
Senator from his district, asking him to introduce a bill which 
he thought should be made into a law. 

2. Senator Brown introduced Mr. Smith’s bill in the Senate 
and the Clerk of the Senate read it aloud twice. It was then 
given to a committee. 

3. The committee of senators who had charge of the bill 
studied it carefully. They called in citizens who knew about 
the matters dealt with in the bill. Everyone who had opin¬ 
ions about the bill had the chance to be heard before the com¬ 
mittee. Then the committee voted in favor of the bill and re¬ 
turned it to the Senate. 


38 




Making the Laws of Ohio 


39 


4. The bill was then read for the third time in the Senate 
and time was given for those in favor and those opposed to 
speak concerning the bill. After this debate, the roll of Sen¬ 
ators was called and each one voted “yes” or “no.” A majority 
voted “yes” and the bill had therefore “passed” the Senate. It 
was immediately taken to the House of Representatives. 

5. In the House of Representatives the same events took 
place as in the Senate. The bill was read twice, referred by 
the Speaker of the House to a committee, passed upon by the 
committee and, after being debated in the House, was passed 
by a majority vote. It was then sent to the Governor. 

6. The Governor studied the bill and, as he believed it a wise 
law, he signed it. 

The “bill” then became a “law.” 

This law was passed without great difficulty. Sometimes 
many events take place that are not told here. Usually a bill 
is “amended” or changed by one House or the other. Some¬ 
times a committee does not act upon a bill and it is said to “die 
in committee.” Sometimes one or the other House votes 
against a bill and it is then defeated. Sometimes, after a bill is 
passed by both Houses, the Governor “vetoes” or disapproves 
it. Then it must go back and if two-thirds vote in favor in 
both houses, it is passed “over his veto.” But if two-thirds do 
not vote in favor, the bill is “dead.” 

It should be remembered, also, that a bill may be introduced 
in either Senate or House of Representatives. 

The Initiative and the Referendum 

Sometimes the voters themselves are called upon to vote 
upon a law. Our constitution allows private citizens to intro¬ 
duce a bill to the General Assembly by what is known as the 
“initiative.” If the Assembly does not pass the bill, those in 
favor secure more names upon a petition and the bill goes be¬ 
fore the voters at the next election. If a majority vote in 
favor, the bill becomes a law. Thus the voters themselves can 
pass laws over the will of the Assembly. 

Another way of bringing about a vote of the citizens upon a 
bill is called the “referendum.” If a citizen is not in favor of a 
law passed by th$ Assembly, he may circulate a petition to 
have the people vote upon the law. If he secures enough sign- 


40 


American Citizenship 


ers, the law is voted upon at the next election. If a majority 
vote “no,” the law is dead; if a majority vote “yes,” the law 
goes into force. 

Note: See Lapp’s “Our America” for a very good account of legis¬ 
lative methods. 


CHAPTER THIRTEEN 


LAW AND THE COURTS 
Why We Have Courts 

Our courts explain the meaning of our laws and apply them 
to disputes which arise. We have two kinds of courts in the 
United States—Federal and State. The Federal courts have 
charge of cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the 
Nation; the State courts deal with all matters which concern 
the state constitution and the laws of the state. 

The Federal Courts 

The highest Federal court is the Supreme Court of the 
United States. It decides cases which concern the Constitution 
and the laws of the United States, and it may decide whether 
laws made by Congress are in conflict with the Constitution. 

The Federal courts which try most cases are the United 
States District Courts. There are eighty-three District Courts 
in the United States. Four of these are located in Ohio. The 
judges of these courts hold court in the following cities: Cleve¬ 
land, Cincinnati, Columbus and Toledo. One of the duties of 
the District Courts is the granting of citizenship. 

The Courts of the State of Ohio 

Supreme Court: The highest court of the State of Ohio is 
the Supreme Court, which meets at Columbus. It is composed 
of seven judges elected by the voters of the state. 

Court of Appeals: Below the Supreme Court are eight 
Courts of Appeal, each of which is composed of three judges 
elected by the voters of the district. 

Common Pleas Court: Most cases arising under state laws 
are begun and first tried in the Common Pleas Court. The 
judges of the Common Pleas Courts are elected by the voters 
of the counties. 

Probate Court: The Probate Court has power to decide 
cases which involve wills. After the death of a person who 
owns property, his estate is settled in this court. It also has 

41 




42 

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American 


Citizenship 


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Court House at Cleveland, Ohio 





































Law and the Courts 


43 


the power to decide whether one needs a guardian to look 
after his person or property. A clerk of this court issues mar¬ 
riage licenses. The judge of this court is elected by the voters 
of the county. 

Some Counties Have a Juvenile Court 

Juvenile Court: The Juvenile Court has charge of nearly all 
cases which involve the welfare of children. This means espe¬ 
cially cases in which children are neglected or have done 
wrong. It may punish grown people who injure, neglect or in 
any way wrong children. The judge is elected by the voters 
of the county. 


Civil and Criminal Cases 

The cases which are heard in our courts are of two kinds, 
civil and criminal. A civil suit is a dispute between two indi¬ 
viduals. An example of a civil suit is a case in which one per¬ 
son sues another for debt. 

A criminal case is one in which a person is charged with dis¬ 
obeying one of the laws of the government. An example of a 
criminal suit is the trial of a person who has stolen property. 
In a criminal suit in Ohio, “the State of Ohio” or the “United 
States” is always one of the parties of the suit. 

Note: Teachers and students should become acquainted with the 
courts of the city which try smaller suits. In Cleveland and a few 
other cities there is a “Municipal Court.” A knowledge of these small¬ 
er courts is very important to the immigrant. Often his whole opin¬ 
ion of American institutions depends upon his understanding of these 
institutions for the administration of justice. 


CHAPTER FOURTEEN 

THE GOVERNMENT OF MY CITY . 

Note to student and teacher: In 1912 Ohio put into its con¬ 
stitution what is known as the Home Rule amendment. This 
allows each city to make its own “charter” or city constitu¬ 
tion. This charter tells of the officers of the city, their powers 
and the way in which they are chosen. In a city which has a 
charter, each teacher should get for himself a copy of the char¬ 
ter and outline the government of his city. 

Each student should fill in the following outline of the gov¬ 
ernment of his city. 

The Council (or Commission) 

Number of members . 

How Chosen (by wards or at large). 

Term .;. 

The council (or commission) is the law-making body of the 
city. Its laws are called “ordinances.” These ordinances con¬ 
cern a great many things among the most important of which 
are police and traffic regulations. 

Executive—(Mayor or Manager) 

How Chosen? . 

Term ....*.. 

The mayor (or manager) is the chief executive of the city. 
His duty is the enforcement of both state and city laws within 
the city. He is also the head of all executive officers of the 
city. He usually has the appointment of all of the chief officers 
of the city. 

The Chief Executive Officers of the City 

How Chosen? ... 

Term . 

Duties of Each ....1... 

Note: For a general description of city government in the United 
States see Magruder’s “American Government,” Chapter 24. 

44 










CHAPTER FIFTEEN 


HOW THE CITY SERVES ITS PEOPLE 
Public Health 

In spite of the danger of accidents and the crowded manner 
in which so many live, the health of the citizens of a city is us¬ 
ually better than that of the citizens of a country village. This 
is because so many things are done to protect the public health. 
Those who have diseases which may be taken or “caught” by 
others, are kept away from the public or “quarantined.” City 
inspectors look after food in markets and stores and compel 
dealers to keep it in clean and sanitary places. Most cities 
have hospitals which are always open to those who are ill or in¬ 
jured. 

Protection of Life and Property 

All cities have fire and police departments. The fire depart¬ 
ment must be ready at all times to protect the property of the 
citizens from fire. The police protect property and keep order. 
A good police force does more than merely suppress disorder. 
The police should be the friends of all who are in need. They 
give directions concerning the law, they assist in keeping the 
city clean and healthy by advising citizens concerning health 
and sanitation and they stand ready at all times to assist 
strangers by giving information of all kinds concerning the 
city. 


Recreation 

A city must see that good, wholesome recreation is provided 
for its people. Nearly every city and town in Ohio has its 
parks which are open to all citizens. Many cities provide pub¬ 
lic entertainments on holidays and Sundays. Often a city does 
a great deal to encourage clean sports such as baseball, tennis, 
bathing and dancing. 


The Water Supply 

All cities must see that water is supplied to its people. This 

45 


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American Citizenship 


must be brought from a river or lake in pipes. It must be 
purified or filtered and finally must be carried im-j>ipes to the 
homes of all citizens. f ^ 

The City Beautiful 

Wise cities look forward to the time when they will be much 
larger than at present. They plan so that the city of the future 
may be beautiful with wide, well kept streets and well built 
buildings. New streets must be laid out with a general plan. 
Some cities have a City Planning Commission to look forward 
to the future of the city and to plan wisely for its growth. 

Can you name any other ways in which your city serves its 
people? 

Note: See Moley & Cook’s “Lessons in Democracy,” Part IV, for 
material in easy English on community problems. 


CHAPTER SIXTEEN 


* HOW THE VOTERS RULE 

How the Officers Are Chosen 

In the National Government: 

The voters elect: 

The President, 

The Vice-President, 

Members of Congress. 

The President appoints: 

The members of the Supreme Court, 

The members of the Cabinet, 

All judges of the Federal Courts, 

A number of other important officers. 

All of the lesser positions in the national government are ap¬ 
pointed after an examination by the Civil Service Commission. 

In the State and County Government: 

The voters elect: 

The Governor 

The Lieutenant-Governor 

The Secretary of State 

The Attorney-General 

The State Auditor 

The State Treasurer 

The judges of all state courts 

The members of the General Assembly 

The County Commissioners 

The County Auditor 

The County Surveyor 

The County Clerk of Courts 

The County Treasurer 

The County Recorder 

The County Sheriff 

Most other state officers are appointed by the Governor or 
some of the other officers named above. In many cases these 
appointments can be made only after examination by the Civil 
Service Commission. 

In the City: The student should in the manner shown above 

47 


48 American Citizenship 



MUTANT GENERAL *SUPT. OF INSURANCE. * 

**• ARMORY B0ARP , COMMISSIONER OF SECURITIES 

♦ COMMISSIONER Of SQLPIERS CLAIMS PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION 

♦ STATE FIRE MARSHAL ♦ BOAR? OF ADMINISTRATION 

♦ BBARP OF AGRICULTURE TRUSTEES LONGVIEW HOSPITAL * 

*5R A6. EXPERIMENT STATION TR. 50LPIERS&SAILORS ETC HOME 

STATE GEOLOGIST BOARP OF CLEMENCY 

♦SUPERVISOR OF PUBLIC PRINTING BOARPOF STATE CHARITIES 
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION COMMISSION FOR BUN7 

♦ STATE INSPECTOR OF OILS COUNCIL OF HEALTH > 

*SUPT. OF BANKS * MEPIGAL BOAR? 

♦ INSPECTOR OF BLPG&LOAN ASSNS»PENTAL EXAMINERS > 


I PREPARED 5Y THE OHIO INSTITUTE FC 





























How the Voters Rule 


49 



* SOAR? OF PHARMACY TRUSTEES WILRERFORCE UNIV. 

:s SOAR? OF OPTOMETRY TK. BOWLING 6REEN NORMAL 

I SP OF EMBALMING EXAMINERS TRUSTEES KENT NORMAL 
I SP. OF ACCOUNTANCY LIBRARY COMMISSION 

ill STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSIONERS TRUSTEES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOC. 
lit AN? AWISORY BOARP TAX COMMISSION 
SUPT. OF PUBLIC WORKS 
SUPT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
SOAR? of education 

^TRUSTEES OHIO STATE UNIV. * CONFIRMATION OF 
TRUSTEES OHIO UNIVERSITY THE SENATE 

i TRUSTEES MIAMI UNIVERSITY 


PUBLIC EFFICIENCY, COLUMBUS, 0. 































50 


American Citizenship 


make a list of all city officers and indicate how they are 
chosen. 

Registration 

In every city of Ohio with a population between 11,800 and 
100,000, all voters are required to register once in four years. 
In Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Toledo, Akron and 
Youngstown, voters must register every year. The citizen 
learns of the days when he may register from the newspapers. 

Primaries 

In selecting public officers two steps must be taken, nomina¬ 
tion and election. Nomination (or “naming”) means to select 
the persons who will be the candidates of the parties at elec¬ 
tion. In selecting the President of the United States the nomi¬ 
nation of each party is made at a great convention in which 
representatives from all states take part. 

In Ohio all state and county nominations are made at pri¬ 
maries. Nominations for United States senators and repre¬ 
sentatives are also made at primaries. In some cities the candi¬ 
dates for city offices arp nominated at primaries. 

Primaries are held in the even numbered years on the sec¬ 
ond Tuesday in August. The voter must ask for the ballot of 
which ever party he supported at the last election. He then 
votes for the person whom he prefers for each office. 

Elections 

Elections are held in Ohio on the first Tuesday after the first 
Monday in November. In the even numbered years (as 1920 
and 1922) state, and county officers and members of Congress 
are elected. In the odd numbered years (as 1921 and 1923) 
city officers are elected. At all elections the voters are usually 
required to vote upon a number of other issues such as tax 
levies, bond issues, constitutional amendments and laws under 
the initiative and referendum. 

When a voter goes to the polls he is usually given a number 
of different ballots: 

1. On Presidential year he receives a presidential ballot with 
the names of candidates for president and the names of the 
“electors.” 

2. He receives a state and county ballot with the names of 


Political Parties 


51 


all candidates for state and county offices, also the names of 
candidates for United States Congress. 

3. All state judges are elected by what is called a “non¬ 
partisan” ballot. There are no political party designations on 
this ballot and the voter is supposed to vote for the candidate 
he prefers, regardless of party. 

4. Ballots are usually given the voter upon which he can 
vote for various measures or laws. These ballots are of the 
following kinds: 

Amendments to the state constitution. 

Referendum on laws passed by the Gerferal Assembly. 

Initiated laws for submission to the General Assembly. 

Special tax levies. 

Bond issues. 


Who May Vote in Ohio 

Men and Women: The Nineteenth Amendment to the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States says that men and women have 
equal rights in voting. 

Age: They must be 21 years old. 

Citizen of the United States: They must be citizens of 
the United States. 

Residence: Voters in Ohio are required to reside 
One year in the state, 

Thirty days in the county, 

Twenty days in the ward or precinct. 

Corrupt Practices 

In order to prevent bribery in elections, the state of Ohio 
has passed laws providing heavy penalties for certain acts 
which might be used in influencing voters. All such acts as the 
giving of bribes or presents to voters, are in violation of the 
state law. Money can be spent only for such expenses as rental 
of halls for meetings, compensation of speakers, music, fire¬ 
works and other such publicity as literature, cards, advertising 
in newspapers, rent of campaign headquarters, etc. After elec¬ 
tion, candidates must file with the Board of Elections state¬ 
ments of how much money they have spent and for what pur¬ 
pose it was spent. 

Note: Examine carefully the sample ballots shown on pages 90 
to 93. 


CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 


POLITICAL PARTIES 

E!l ; 

The Purpose of Political Parties 

Whenever the people have a voice in the government, poli¬ 
tical parties are formed. These organizations are societies of 
voters who organize to elect to public office men and women 
who will carry out their wishes. In this way a political party 
can control the policies of the government. Thus, while one 
citizen alone has but little voice in the government, he can 
work for the things in which he believes when joined with 
others who think as he does. 

American Parties 

In the United States the two very large parties are the Re¬ 
publican and Democratic. We also have several smaller par¬ 
ties such as the Socialist Party and the Farmer-Labor Party. 

How Parties Are Organized in Ohio 

Each party has a state committee which is made up of mem¬ 
bers elected at the primaries in each congressional district of 
the State. Members of the State Committee serve for two 
years. This committee chooses its chairman and secretary. 
The State Committee is in charge of the campaign for all state 
offices. 

Each county also has a committee made up of members 
chosen from each precinct or township in the state. These com¬ 
mitteemen are chosen at the primaries in the even numbered 
years for a term of two years. The county committee is in 
charge of campaigns for all of the county, township and city 
offices. 


The Citizen and the Party 

A good citizen takes an interest in politics. He attends po¬ 
litical meetings and reads newspapers. He is willing to hear 
both sides of public questions. He has opinions of his own on 
public matters. He is not afraid to express these opinions. He 

■X (52 


■t 


Political Parties 53 

*■ 

belongs to a party but is not a slave to a party. When he 
thinks a party is wrong he does not support it. He does not 
allow a political boss to tell him how to vote. If citizens re¬ 
main free in this way they can do a great deal to keep the 
nation free. 


CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 


HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE 
UNITED STATES 

Citizenship in the United States 

The laws of the United States provide a way for men and 
women from other countries to become citizens. The method 
of becoming a citizen is called naturalization. People here 
from other countries should become naturalized as soon as 
possible. There are many advantages in being a citizen. He 
may claim protection for himself and his property in foreign 
countries. Men and women twenty-one years of age may 
vote and hold office only by becoming citizens. 

Steps in Taking Out Citizenship Papers 

There are four steps which must be taken by an alien who 
wishes to become a citizen of the United States: 

1. He must file his Declaration of Intention, or “first pap.::. * 

2. He must file a Certificate of Arrival. 

3. He must file a Petition for Naturalization, or “second 
paper.” 

4. He must appear before the judge for a final hearing. 

1. The Declaration of Intention: The first paper is called 
the Declaration of Intention because it means that the appli¬ 
cant wishes to become a citizen and is declaring his intention 
of becoming one. 

The Declaration of Intention can be secured by an alien 
eighteen years of age or older at any time after arrival in this 
country. No witnesses are needed for the first paper. 

An alien does not need to speak English to get the first 
paper. The first paper costs one dollar. 

According to law, a first paper is not good after seven years. 

2. Certificate of Arrival: All aliens who came to the United 
States after June 29, 1906, must secure a Certificate of Arrival 
before applying for the second paper. This certificate may be 
secured free of charge from the Bureau of Naturalization, 
Washington, D. C. 


54 


How to Become Citizen of United States 55 

3. Petition for Naturalization: The next step toward nat¬ 
uralization is^the filing of a Petition for Naturalization. This 
is called a petition because it means that the applicant is ask¬ 
ing the court to make him a citizen. 

Every alien must have resided in the United States at least 
five years and one year in the state of Ohio before he may file 
his petition. It must be at least two years after the filing of 
his Declaration of Intention. 

He must appear before a naturalization clerk with two wit¬ 
nesses who are citizens of the United States. 

If the witnesses are naturalized citizens, they should bring 
their certificates of naturalization. The witnesses must state 
that they have known the applicant for five years and that he 
is of good moral character and qualified to become a citizen of 
the United States. 

If the applicant has not lived in Ohio long enough to secure 
witnesses who have known him for five years, he may bring 
two witnesses who have known him for a year while he has 
been living in Ohio*. Also he must secure written statements 
from two other witnesses living in other states in which he has 
lived. These written statements can be secured through the 
Naturalization clerk. Women who are citizens of the United 
States may act as witnesses. 

The alien may change his name, if he can give the court a 
good reason for doing so. 

After the witnesses are examined, the clerk will make out the 
Petition which the petitioner is required to sign. 

The fee for this Petition is four dollars. 

The First Examination: Within ninety days after the filing 
of the Petition for Naturalization, the applicant with his two 
witnesses must appear before the naturalization examiner of 
the Federal Government. 

He will be asked questions on the government of the United 
States, the State of Ohio and his city. He must show that he 
is able to exercise the duties of a citizen. To pass this exami¬ 
nation the applicant must understand English. This book is 
for the purpose of helping men to prepare for this examination. 

4. Final Hearing: At a later date the petitioner will be noti- 


56 


American Citizenship 


fied to appear in court with two witnesses. He will be examined 
by the judge and if accepted as a citizen, will be required to 
take the oath of allegiance. This oath is: 

“I hereby declare on oath, that I absolutely and entirely re¬ 
nounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign 
prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly to 
(name of sovereign of country), of whom I have heretofore 
been a subject; that I will support and defend the Constitution 
and laws of the United States of America, against all enemies, 
foreign and domestic, and that I will bear true faith and alli- 
gienctf to the same.” 

He will then be given his final Certificate of Naturalization 
which will make him, his wife and his children under twenty- 
one years of age, citizens of the United States. 

If any of the citizenship papers are lost, new ones can be se¬ 
cured by applying at the office of the Clerk of the Court. 

Note: Samples of the papers to be liled in naturalization proceed¬ 
ings are shown in the back part of this book. The candidate for nat¬ 
uralization should study them with care. The Naturalization exam¬ 
iner or the clerk of the court will supply copies of a “syllabus of the 
Naturalization Law.” This is a publication prepared by the United 
States Bureau of Naturalization. 


CHAPTER NINETEEN 


THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS OF THE 
UNITED STATES 

Rights 

Citizens of the United States have many rights which cannot 
be taken from them, even by action of the government itself. 
Most of these rights are protected by provisions of the Federal 
and state constitutions. The following are the most important 
of these: 

1. The Right to be Free: Slavery was forever abolished by 
the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, adopted after 
the Civil War. 

2. The Right to Liberty in Religion: A man may worship 
as he wishes, providing his manner of exercising this right is 
not unlawful. 

3. The Right to Freedom of Speech and of the Press: This 
permits citizens to speak and write their opinions. But this 
does not extend to the telling of untruths about others which 
will cause injury and it does not extend to telling others to dis¬ 
obey the law. 

4. The Right to Assemble and Petition: People may meet 
and discuss their affairs if such meetings are not disturbances 
of the peace. They may also petition the government and se¬ 
cure a hearing from their public officers. 

5. The Right to Fair Treatment if Accused of Crime: This 
includes a speedy and public trial, a judgment by a jury and the 
right to a Writ of Habeas Corpus. The latter is to prevent the 
holding of a person without trial. 

6. The Right to Vote and Hold Office: These are not uni¬ 
versal rights like the others named above, but are given to men 
and women who are citizens and of a certain age. 

Duties 

Many of the above rights were secured by our forefathers on¬ 
ly after many sacrifices. They depend even today upon the un¬ 
selfishness and courage of the majority of citizens. There can 


57 


58 


American Citizenship 


not be rights without duties. If we live under a government 
which grants us rights, we should give our loyalty and service 
in return. Only when we have citizens who are willing to do 
their full duty can our government be strong and enduring. 
The duties of a citizen cannot be stated in exact terms. A citi¬ 
zen's conscience must after all be the final judge. But a few 
duties commonly recognized by Americans may be stated as 
follows: 

1. The Duty of Obeying the Laws: If a law is bad we have 
the right to vote for its repeal and to ask our law-makers to do 
likewise. But as long as the majority of citizens allow it to re¬ 
main we must obey it. In obeying a law we are simply obeying 
the majority of the citizens. 

2. The Duty of Helping to Enforce the Laws: Every citizen 
may help the government to enforce the laws. We may help to 
keep the streets clean before our own residences. We may im¬ 
prove the appearance of our own houses and yards. In many 
ways the citizen who is willing to lend a helping hand to an¬ 
other is performing the most important of a citizen's duties. 

3. The Duty of Voting Intelligently: Every citizen who 
may vote should use this right at every primary and election. 
He should in addition try to vote intelligently. Instead of be¬ 
ing told by someone else how to vote, he should learn for him¬ 
self. He should attend political meetings, read more than one 
newspaper and after hearing the arguments of all sides, should 
vote independently. 

Note: The student should examine carefully the Bill of Rights 
which will be found in the appendix. It is a part of the Constitution 
of Ohio. 


CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

PREAMBLE 

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common 
denfece, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of librty to 
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Conststution for 
the United States of America. 


ARTICLE I.—LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 
Section 1.—Congress 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, vfhich shall consist of a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 


Section 2 . —House of Representatives 

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in 
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

2 . No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

*3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
^rai States which may be included within this Union, according to their re¬ 
spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to> service for a term of years, and 
excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual 
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Repre¬ 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State 
shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massa¬ 
chusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 
five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, 
Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
Georgia three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 

59 


60 


American Citizenship 


Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such va¬ 
cancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. —Senate 

*1. [The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators 
from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote.] 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into* three classes. The 
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, 
and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third 
may be chosen every second year; 1 [and' if vacancies happen by resignation, 
or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Execu¬ 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of 
the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies]. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be 
chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore , in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside: 
and 1 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
the members present. 

7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall 
nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun¬ 
ishment, according to law. 

Section 4.—Elections and Sessions 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; 
but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, 
except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 


Constitution of United States 


61 


Section 5.—Government and Rules 

1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifi¬ 
cations of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, 
in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment re¬ 
quire secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on 
any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6.—Privileges and Restrictions 

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for 
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the 
United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the ses¬ 
sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
same; and for any speech or debate in either House they shall not be ques¬ 
tioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under 
the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance 
in office. 


Section 7.—Process of Law-making 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on 
other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of 
the United States; if he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon¬ 
sider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree 
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 


62 


American Citizenship 


of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and' the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of 
each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 
him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
•the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques¬ 
tion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United 
States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, 
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-third’s of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed 
in the case of a bill. 


Section 8.—Powers Granted to Congress 8 

The Congress shall have power,— 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
United States; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respec¬ 
tive writings and 1 discoveries; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water; 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years;... 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces; 

lf>. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 


Constitution of United States 


63 


for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of 
the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of 
the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the dis¬ 
cipline prescribed by Congress; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government 
of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places pur¬ 
chased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same 
shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other 
needful buildings;—and 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department 
or officer thereof. 

Section 9.—Powers Denied to Congress 4 

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars 
for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeus corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may requite it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

b 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev¬ 
enue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels 
bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the 
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time 
to time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no per¬ 
son holding any office or profit or trust under them shall, without the con¬ 
sent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of 
any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10.—Powers Denied to the States® 

1. No State shall enter into and treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any¬ 
thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill 
of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, 
or grant any title of nobility. 


64 American Citizenship 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and im¬ 
posts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the re¬ 
vision and control of the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree¬ 
ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in 
war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit 
of delay. 


ARTICLE II.—EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Section i.—T he President: Election and Qualifications 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, 
and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows:— 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: 
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

t 3. [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal¬ 
lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Sen¬ 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having* 
the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if there be more 
than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then 
the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of 
them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five 
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the Pres¬ 
ident. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, 
the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this pur¬ 
pose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest num¬ 
ber of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should 
remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from 
the mby ballot the Vice-President.] 

4. Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the 


Constitution of United States 


65 


day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been four¬ 
teen years a resident within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 1 duties of the said of¬ 
fice, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of 
the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as 
President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until, the disability be re¬ 
moved, or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated 1 times, receive for his services a com¬ 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the pe¬ 
riod for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol¬ 
lowing oath or affirmation:—“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to 
the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
United States.” 


Section 2.—Powers of the President 

0 

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into 
the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in 
writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon 
any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen¬ 
ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; 
and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, 
judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall 
be established by.law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of 
such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap¬ 
pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3.—Duties of the President 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the 


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state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary oc¬ 
casions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree¬ 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad¬ 
journ them to such time as he. shall think proper; he shall receive ambas¬ 
sadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faith¬ 
fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

Section 4.—Removal of Officials 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, trea¬ 
son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 


ARTICLE III—JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 
Section 1.—Courts and Judges 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, 
shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, re¬ 
ceive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished dur¬ 
ing their continuance in office. 

Section 2.—Jurisdiction and Methods 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting am¬ 
bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States 
shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a 
State and citizens of another State, 8 between citizens of different States, 
between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grant of different 
States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con¬ 
suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall 
have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
shall beat such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

4 

Section 3.—Treason 

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war 


Constitution of United States 


67 


against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort 
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two 
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, 
except during the life of the person attainted. 


ARTICLE IV.—STATE RELATIONS 
Section 1.—Public Acts 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, rec¬ 
ords, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may 
by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro¬ 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2.—Rights and Restrictions of Individuals 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and im¬ 
munities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which he fled be delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there¬ 
of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up 
on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3.— New States and National Possession 

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but 
no New State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the 
States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con¬ 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 
State. 


Section 4.—Protection of States 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repub¬ 
lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; 
and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the 
Legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence. 


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ARTICLE V.—AMENTMENT 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it neces* 
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application 
of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a con¬ 
vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to 
all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or othe other mode of ratification maj 
be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be 
made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the Senate. 


ARTICLE VI.—AUTHORITY OF THE CONSTITUTION 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adop¬ 
tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constutition as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made; 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the 
constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem¬ 
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executives and judicial of¬ 
ficers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 


ARTICLE VII.—RATIFICATION 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. 

In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

Go: Washington. 

Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia, 

[and thirty-eight other delegates .] 


Constitution of United States 


69 


ARTICLES 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA 

ARTICLE I.—PERSONAL FREEDOM 1 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
or of the press, or the right of the people peacably to assemble, and pe¬ 
tition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II.—KEEPING AND BEARING ARMS 1 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III.—QUARTERING TROOPS 1 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

ARTICLE IV.—SECURITY OF THE HOME 1 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, 
and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V.—SECURITY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT 1 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be de¬ 
prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

* 

ARTICLE VI.—RIGHTS OF PERSONS ACCUSED OF CRIME 1 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law,' and 1 to be informed of the nature and cause of the ac¬ 
cusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have com- 


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pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the as¬ 
sistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII.—JURY TRIAL IN CIVIL CASES 1 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII.—BAIL AND PUNISHMENT 9 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX.—UNMENTIONED RIGHTS 1 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con¬ 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X.—POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES 1 

The powers not delegated to the United States by’ the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or 
to the people. 

ARTICLE XI.—SUITS AGAINST STATES 10 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to ex¬ 
tend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XII.—ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE- 
PRESIDENT 11 

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi¬ 
tant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of 
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, di¬ 
rected to the President of the Senate;—the President of the Senate shall, 
in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted;—the person having the 
greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such num¬ 
ber be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no 
person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num¬ 
bers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the Pres- 


Constitution of United States 


71 


ident. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, 
the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And 
if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the 
right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March 
next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the 
case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The 
person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Elec¬ 
tors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two high¬ 
est* numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a 
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President 
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII.—SLAVERY 14 
Section 1.—Prohibition 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2.—Enforcement 

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis¬ 
lation. 

ARTICLE XIV.—CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS 38 
Section 1.—Citizens and Their Rights 

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
protection of the laws. 

Section 2.—Apportionment of Representatives 

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according 
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each 
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the 
United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial of¬ 
ficers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any 
of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and 
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participa- 


72 


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tion in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such 
State. 

Section 3. —Loss of Political Privileges 

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector 
of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under 
the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, 
as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a 
member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of 
any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have, en¬ 
gaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com¬ 
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
each ouse, remove such disability. 

Section 4.—Public Debt 

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, 
including debts incurred for payment of pensipns and bounties for services 
in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States, nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation 
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or 
any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5.—Enforcement 

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV.—RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE 14 
Section 1.—Negro Suffrage 

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied 
or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2.—Enforcement 

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 


ARTICLE XVI.—INCOME TAXES 15 

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes from 
whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, 
and without regard to any census or enumeration. 

ARTICLE XVII.—ELECTION OF SENATORS 16 
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators 


Constitution of United States 


73 


from each State, elected 1 by the people thereof, for six years; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the 
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State legislatures. 

2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the 
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election 
to fill such vacancies: Provided, that the Legislature of any State may em¬ 
power the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the 
people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. 

3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election 
or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Con¬ 
stitution. 


ARTICLE XVIII 17 

Section 1 . After one year from the ratification of this article, the manu¬ 
facture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importa¬ 
tion thereof into or the exportation thereof from the United States and all 
territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes is hereby 
prohibited. 

Sec. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power 
Ito enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

Sec. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified 
as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several 
States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date 
of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. 


ARTICLE XIX 18 

Section 1 . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United 1 States or by any State on account of 
sex. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appro¬ 
priate legislation. 

iModified by Amendment XIV, Section 2, and Amendment XVI. 

2Paragraph 1 and the last part of paragraph 2, in Section 3, have been replaced by 
Amendment XVII. 

Additional powers of Congress are mentioned in Art. I, Sect. 2, par. 3; Sect. 4, par. 
l;Sect. 6, par. 1; Art. II, Sect. 1, pars. 4, 6; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, pars. 2, 3; Sect. 3, par. 
2; Art. IV, Sect. 1; Sect. 3, pars. 1, 2; Art. V; Amendment XIII, Sect. 2; Amend- 
ment XIV, Sects. 2, 3, 5; Amendment XV, Sect. 2; Amendment XVI. 

4Amendments I to X are also, directly or indirectly, limitations on the powers of 
Congress. 

^Modified by Amendment XVI. 

®Supplemented by Amendments XIV and XV. 

7Repfaced by Amendment XII. 

8 Modified by Amendment XI. 

9 Amendments I to X were proposed by Congress in 1789. < After ratification by the 
states they were proclaimed by the Secretary of State to be in force, 1791. 
lOProposed, 1794, proclaimed in force. 1798. 
uProposed, 1803, proclaimed in force, 1804. 
i 2 Proposed and proclaimed in force, 1865. 
isProposed, 1866, proclaimed in force, 186S. 
i4Proclaimed in force, 1870. 
isproclaimed in force, 1913. 

16 Proclaimed in force, 1913. 

!7Proclaimed, 1919. 
isproclaimed, 1920. 


THE BILL OF RIGHTS 

OF THE 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO 

We, the people of the State of Ohio, grateful to Almighty God for our 
freedom, to secure its blessings and promote our common welfare, do es¬ 
tablish this constitution. 


ARTICLE I. 

Section 1 . All men are, by nature, free and independent, and have cer¬ 
tain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending 
life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and seeking 
and obtaining happiness and safety. 

Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is in¬ 
stituted for their equal protection and benefit, and they have the right to 
alter, reform, or abolish the same, whenever they may deem it necessary; 
and no special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted, that may not 
be altered, revoked, or repealed by the General Assembly. 

Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble together, in a peaceable 
manner, to consult for their common good; to instruct their representa¬ 
tives ; and to petition the General Assembly for the redress of grievances. 

Sec. 4. The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and se¬ 
curity; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and 
shall not be kept up; and the military shall be in strict subordination to 
the civil power. 

Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate, except that, in civil 
cases, laws may be passed to authorize the rendering of a verdict by the 
concurrence of not less than three-fourths of the jury. 

'Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this state, nor involuntary servitude, 
unless for the punishment of crime. 

Sec. 7. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Al¬ 
mighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No person 
shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or 
maintain any form of worship, against his consent; and no preference shall 
be given, by law, to any religious society; nor shall any interference with 
the rights of conscience be permitted. No religious test shall be required, 
as a qualification for office, nor shall any person be incompetent to be a 
witness on account of his religious belief; but nothing herein shall be con¬ 
strued to dispense with oats and affirmations. Religion, morality, and 
knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be the 
duty of the General Assembly to pass suitable laws to protect every religious 
denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public wor¬ 
ship, and to encourage schools, and the means of instruction. 

Sec. 8. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus¬ 
pended, unless in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety requite it. 

74 


Bill of Rights 


75 


Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for 
capital offenses where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. Ex¬ 
cessive bail shall not be required; nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and 
unusual punishment inflicted. 

Sec. 10. Except in cases of impeachment, cases arising in the army and 
navy, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public 
danger, and cases involving offenses for which the penalty provided is less 
than imprisonment in the penitentiary, no person shall be held to answer 
for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or in¬ 
dictment of a grand jury; and the number of persons necessary to con¬ 
stitute such grand jury and the number thereof necessary to concur in find¬ 
ing such indictment shall be determined by law. In any trial, in any court, 
the party accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person and with 
counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and 
to have a copy thereof; to meet the witness face to face, and to have com¬ 
pulsory process to procure the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a 
speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county in which the offense 
is alleged to have been committed ; but provision may be made by law for 
the taking of the deposition by the accused or by the state, to be used for or 
against the accused, of any witness whose attendance can not be had at 
the trial, always securing to the accused means and the opportunity to be 
present in persons and with counsel at the taking of such deposition, and 
to examine the witness face to face as fully and in the same manner as if 
in court. No person shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a 
witness against himself; but his failure to testify may be considered by the 
court and jury and may be made the subject of comment by counsel. No 
person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. (Adopted Sept. 
3, 1912.) 

Sec. 11. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his senti¬ 
ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of the right; and no 
law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the 
press. In all criminal prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evi¬ 
dence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged 
as libelous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable 
ends, the party shall be acquitted. 

Sec. 12. No person shall be transported out of the state, for any of¬ 
fense committed within the same; and no conviction shall work corruption 
of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 

Sec. 13. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the man¬ 
ner prescribed by law. 

Sec. 14. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers and possessions against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not 
be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched 
and the person and things to be seized. 

Sec 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on 
mesne or final process, unless in cases of fraud. 


76 


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Sec. 16. All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done 
him in his land, goods, person, or reputation, shall remedy by due course 
of law, and shall have justice administered without denial or delay. Suit* 
may be brought against the state, in such courts and in such manner, as 
may be provided by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.) 

Sec. 17. No hereditary emoluments, honors, or privileges, shall ever 
be granted or conferred by this state. 

Sec. 18. No power of suspending laws shall ever be exercised, except 
by the General Assembly. 

Sec. 19. Private property shall ever be held inviolate but subservient to 
the public welfare. When taken in time of war, or other public exigency, 
imperatively requiring its immediate seizure or for the purpose of making 
or repairing roads, which shall be open to the public, without charge, a 
compensation shall be made to the owner, in money, and in all other cases, 
where private property shall be taken for public use, a compensation there¬ 
for shall first be made in money, or first secured by a deposit of money, 
and such compensation shall be assessed by a jury, without deduction 
for benefits to any property of the owner. 

Sec. 19a. The amount of damages recoverable by civil action in the 
courts for death caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of another, 
shall not be limited by law. (Adopted Sept. 3, 1912.) 

Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or 
deny others retained by the people; and all powers, not herein delegated, 
remain with the people. 


77 


Three Songs for Americans 


America, the Beautiful 


Katharine Lee Bates 


Samuel A* Ward 



1.0 beau-ti-ful for spacious skies, For am-ber waves of grain, 

2. 0 „beau - ti - f ul for pil-grim feet Whose stern impassioned stress 

3. 0 beau-ti-ful for glo-rious tale Of lib - er - a - ting strife, 
4.0 beau-ti-ful for pa-triot’s dream That sees be-yond the years 


For' pur-ple moun-tain 
A thor-ough-fare for 
When val-iant - ly for 
Thine al - a - bas - ter 


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xnaj - es-ties A - bove the fruit -ed plain, 
free-dom beat A - cross the wil - der - ness, 
man’s a-vail Men lav-ish pre-cious life, 
cit - ies gleam Un-dimmed by hu- man tears. 


A - mer - i - cal A - mer *■ 1 - ca! God 

A - mer - i - ca! A - mer - 1 - ca 1 God 

A - mer - 1 - cal A - mer - i - cal May 

A - mer - i • cal A - mer - i - cal God 


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shed His grace on 
mend thine ev-’ry 
God tby gold re - 
shed His grace on 

-f- *?* -P* 

| w't 1 1 1 

thee. And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shin-i 
flaw, Con - firm thy soul in self -con-trol, Thy lfb - or - ty 
fine Till all suc-cess be no -ble-ness And ev-’ry man 

thee, And crown thy good with brother-hood From sea to shind 

J JV- a • » .a -»J .1 

In 
di - 

sea. 

law. 

vine. 

Bea. 

f- 

Lv\. ■ i~: —fa—» n! 

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L — 1J 


STAR SPANGLED BANNER 


Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn’s early 
light 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s 
last gleaming, 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars, 
through the perilous fight, 

O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gal¬ 
lantly streaming[ 

And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs 
bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag 
was still there. 

Oh, say, does the star spangled banner yet 


wave 

O’er the land of the free—and the home of 
the brave? 

Oh, thus be it ever when freeman shall 


stand 

Between their loved home and wild war’s 
rescued land 

Praise the Pow’r that hath made and pre¬ 
served us a nation. 

Then conquer we must, when our cause it 
is just, 

And this be our motto: “In God is our 
trust!” 

And the star spangled banner in triumph 


shall wave 

O’er the land of the free—and the home of 
the brave. 

AMERICA 

My county, ’tis of thee, 

Sweet land of liberty, 

Of the I sing; 

Land where my fathers died, 

Land of the pilgrims’ pride 
From every mountain side 
Let freedom ring. 

Let music swell the breeze, 

And ring from all the trees, 

Sweet freedom’s song; 

Let mortal tongues awake, 

Let all that breathe partake, 

Let rocks their silence break,— 

The sound proloung. 

Our father’s God, to Thee, 

Author of liberty, 

To Thee I sing; 

Long may our land be bright 
With freedom’s holy light; 

Protect us by Thy might, 

Great God our King. 












































































































IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT OUR LAWS 


/ 


I.—Relations of Husband and Wife 

Duty of husband to support family. The husband must support 
himself, wife and his minor children. If he cannot do so, the wife must 
help him as much as she can. It is a crime for a husband to desert or 
neglect a child under 16 years of age, or a wife who is to become a 
mother. 

Interest in each other’s property. Neither husband nor wife can be 
kept from the home as long as they are living as man and wife and as 
long as they conduct themselves well. Each holds his or her property 
separate, subject to a legal dower interest of the other. Husband or 
wife may contract with each other or any other person the same as if 
unmarried. 

Can not alter their legal relations or duty to support minor children. 

Husband and wife cannot by any contract avoid supporting their minor 
children; nor can they change the marriage contract, except by order 
of court. 

Support of wife after separation. Husband is liable for the support 
of his wife if he leaves her, or if the husband fails to supply his wife 
with necessaries, any other person may do so and recover pay from 
the husband. 

Alimony. If a husband fails to support his family, his wife may se¬ 
cure an order from court compelling him to pay her money for her 
support and her minor childre^i. 

Common law marriage. Where a man and woman live together as 
husband and wife, hold themselves out to be such, and at some time 
agree between themselves to become man and wife, the law considers 
them married although no legal ceremony has been performed. 

II.—Support of Parents 

Any adult child having a parent within the state without means and 
unable because of age or infirmity to be self-supporting, must provide 
for such parent necessary shelter, food and clothing, and is criminally 
liable upon failure to do so. 


III.—Minors 

Neglecting, abandoning or torturing children under 16 years. It is a 
crime punishable by fine and imprisonment to torture, torment, cruelly 
or unlawfully punish, or negligently deprive a child of necessary food, 
clothing or shelter. 

School Laws. Boys between the ages of 8 and 15, and girls be¬ 
tween the ages of 8 and 16 must attend school. All children between 
15 and 16 years who are not regularly employed shall be required to 
attend school. 


78 


Important Facts About Our Laws 


79 


No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 years shall be employed un¬ 
less such child presents to its employer an age and school certificate. 
Such certificate must be obtained from the superintendent of schools. 

Labor Laws. Minors’ wages must be agreed on in advance and it is 
unlawful to retain wages from minors for breakage or failure to do 
work properly. 

No boy under the age of 15 years or girl under 16 years of age shall 
be employed in any factory, workshop, business office, mercantile or 
other establishment either directly or indirectly at any time. 

Maximum Hours of Labor. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 
shall be employed in any of the above mentioned places more than 6 
days in any one week or more than 48 hours in any one week, nor 
more than 8 hours in any one doy, nor before the hour of seven o’clock 
in the morning nor after six o’clock in the evening. 

Minors physically unfit for work ma^ be barred from employment if 
unable to secure board of health certificate. 

Minors must not be employed in dangerous or immoral surround¬ 
ings. 

Laws Affecting Morals of Minors. Enticing a minor to gamble, or 
gambling with him is punishable by fine and imprisonment. 

Permitting minors under 18 to play pool or billiards is punishable by 
fine. 

Inducing illicit intercourse with a female under 18 years of age is 
punishable by imprisonment. 

Selling or giving cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco to any minor under 
16 years of age is punishable by fine or imprisonment. 

Selling or giving to any minor under 14 any gun, rifle, revolver, fire¬ 
arm, or ammunition, or knowingly permitting a minor to use the same 
is punishable by fine and imprisonment. 

No minor shall enter a saloon or other place where intoxicating 
liquor is sold or offered for sale unless accompanied by parent or 
guardian. 

Control of Minors by Court. The Juvenile Court has jurisdiction to 
enforce proper care and protection of minors. The court also has 
power to take children from parents if not properly cared for, and 
placfe them in suitable homes. 

IV.—Attachment of Wages 

Amount of Attachment. Ten per cent of a married man’s wages 
may be taken to satisfy a bill for necessaries. A bill for necessaries 
include claims for rent, groceries, clothing and medical service. If 
a debtor is served with a notice called a ‘‘Statutory notice,” and does 
not obey the same within three days, or give an order on his employer 
for 10 per cent of his wages, he is liable to wage attachment in Justice 
\ Court or Municipal Court, and in such event in addition to having to 
pay 10 per cent of his monthly earnings, he is liable for court costs in 
the sum of $2.50. 


80 


American Citizenship 


A single man has NO property or wages which can be held from 
collection of a court judgment. The same applies to an unmarried 
woman with the exception of about $100 worth of clothing, with a 
few other unimportant articles. 

V.—Intoxicating Liquors 

Notice to Saloonkeepers. A husband, wife, child, parent, guardian 
or other interested person liable to be injured by any sale of intoxicat¬ 
ing liquors to any person, and desiring to prevent such sale, shall give 
notice either verbally or in writing (this should be before witnesses), 
to the person or persons so selling or giving, and to the owner or les¬ 
sor of the premises not to sell to such person any intoxicating liquors 
from and after 5 days from the date of such notice. If after notice the 
saloonkeeper shall continue to furnish liquors to the person he was 
asked in the notice not to furnish, he shall be liable to any person in¬ 
jured in person or property by such sale. 

It is illegal to sell liquor to minors, intoxicated persons or drunkards. 

A man’s wages cannot be attached for a liquor bill. (See Amend¬ 
ment XVIII, page 73). 

VI.—Landlord and Tenant 

Written Notice. In order to regain possession of his premises the 
landlord must, at least 3 days before commencing an action in court 
to put the tenant out, serve the tenant with a written notice to leave 
the premises. 

Suit in Municipal or Justice Court. If the tenant does not obey this 
notice the landlord must then file a complaint in court. The case can¬ 
not be heard till at least 3 days after filing. Thus the tenant has at 
least 6 days to quit the premises. 

Tenant from Month to Month. If a tenant paying rent by the month 
having no written or oral lease for a definite period holds over after 
the month, he cannot stay in for the whole of that month, unless the 
landlord by some act, such as acceptance of rent, has consented 
thereto. 

VII.—Mother’s Pension 

The Law. The Juvenile Court may upon proper application make 
an allowance for the partial support of women whose husbands are 
dead or become disabled for work by means of physical or mental 
infirmity, or whose husbands are prisoners, or whose husbands have 
deserted, and such desertion has continued for a period of three years, 
when such women are poor and are the mothers of children not en¬ 
titled to receive an age or schooling certifificate, and such mothers and 
children have been legal residents in any county of the state for two 
years. 


VII.—Workingmen’s Compensation 
Compensation from the State to Injured Employes. A state com¬ 
mission has been created by law which collects funds from employers. 


Important Facts About Our Laws 


81 


The commission holds these funds in trust to be paid to employees 
who are injured while at work. There are definite fixed rates of com¬ 
pensation for the various classes of injuries. Application for this com¬ 
pensation must be made to the State Commission within three months 
(in cases resulting fatally, six months) after the injury through its 
local representative. In certain cases the workingman may choose 
whether he will sue the employer or accept the State award. Choice 
of either bars his right to the other. 

The injured workman receives $15.00 per week during the time he 
is unable to work. No insurance is paid for the first week he is dis¬ 
abled. 


IX.—Chattel and Salary Loans 

State License. No person or company shall engage in business of 
making chattel or salary loans unless it has first secured a State 
License. 

Legal Rate of Interest. The law permits a charge of three per cent 
(3%) of $50.00 or less, if made for four months or more; an inspection 
fee of $1 may be collected when the loan is made. No charge shall 
be made except that of 3% as before stated and the inspection fee. 

The Borrower. The Borrower must be furnished a card bearing 
name of the borrower, name of person or company making the loan, 
amount of loan, amount of interest charged, expense exclusive of inter¬ 
est, time for which charge was made, date when loan was made, and 
date when payable. 

X.—Carrying Concealed Weapons 

The Law. ..Whoever carries a pistol, bowie-knife, dirk or other 
dangerous weapon concealed on or about his person shall be fined not 
more than two hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty 
days. 


82 


American Citizenship 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION 


U. S' DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

NATURALIZATION SERVICE 


NOTE.—A copy of this form will be furnished by th$ clerk of the court the 
Chief Naturalization Examiner, or the public-school teacher to each applicant for a 
declaration of intention, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the ques¬ 
tions After being filled out the form is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by 
him in properly filling out the declaration. If. the applicant landed on or after June 
29, 1906, his declaration should not be filed until the name of the vessel is definitely 
given (or the name of the railroad and border port in the United States through which 
the alien entered), as well as the date of arrival. . , .. , . 

TO THE APPLICANT.—The fee of one dollar required by law for the declara¬ 
tion, must be paid to the clerk of the court before he oommences to fill out the 
declaration of intention. No fee is chargeable for this blank, and none should be 
paid for assistance in filling it out, as the Naturalization Examiner or the public- 
school teacher will help you free of charge. 

My name is .~. .v. -..-..■■■years. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, (Give age last birthday.) 
and correct name in full.) 

Also known as ...«.. 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should 
be shown on line immediately above.) 

Occupation: . 

Color: .,.. Complexion: . 

H eigh t: . feet . inches. Weight: . pounds. 

Color of hair: . Color of eyes:. . 

Other visible distinctive marks: . 

(If no visible distinctive marks, so state.) 

Where born: .. . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

Date of birth: .. .. . 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

Present residence: .. ., ... 

(Number and street.) (City or town.) (State, Territ’y* or Dist. 

Emigrated from: .. . 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to come to U. S.) Country.) 

Name of vessel: ... 

(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of con- 
• veyance or name of transportation company should be given.) 

Last place of foreign residence ;....... 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

*7 am . married; the name of my wife is . ; she was 

*born at ...; and now resides at . 

7 am nozv a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to . 


(Write name and title of sovereign and country of which now a subject; or if 
a Republic, write name of Republic only.) 

Port of arrival: ..., . 

(City or town.) (State or Territory.) 

Date of arrival in United States: .,... 

(Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 

*Note to clerk of court.— The two lines indicated by the * contain information 
which is provided for by blanks on the latest declaration of intention form; until such 
time as you may be supplied with forms containing these blank spaces the information 
called for herein should be inserted immediately above the twelfth line, which begins 
“It is my bona fide intention,” etc., as requested in circular letter of January 5, 1916. 






































Sample Naturalization Form 


83 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL 

FOR USE OF ALIENS ARRIVING AFTER JUNE 29, 1906 

U. S, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
NATURALIZATION SERVICE 

Notice to the Clerk of the Court: 

This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country 
after June 29, 1906. 

When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should 
be given to him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the execution 
of the petition for naturalization should not be commenced until the cer¬ 
tificate of arrival is received by the clerk of the court. The alien should be 
directed to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all the blanks in 
ichis form, as the information is necessary to obtain the certificfiate of 
arrival, and will aid the clerk of the court in filing the petition for naturali¬ 
zation. The alien should then mail this form to the Commissioner of 
Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. 

That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the clerk 
of court the certificate of arrival required by section 4 of the act of June 
29, 1906, to be attached to and made a part of the petition at the time of 
its filing. The statement of facts will also be forwarded to the clerk of 
the court. Notice will also be given to the alien that the certificate has 
been sent to the clerk of the court named by him. 

Commissioner of Naturalization, 

U. S. Department of Labor, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir: I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a 
certificate showing my arrival in the United States and forward it to the 
Clerk of the.-V. 

(Give on these two lines title of court, and city or town, and county 

and State where court is located in which the petition will be filed.) 

for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturalization which I 

intend to file in that court. 

In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed and the 
place of my arrival and shown the facts which will go in my petition for 
naturalization when it is filed. 

Respectfully, 


(Give name in full.) 


(Give address here.) 


ONLY ALIENS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES 
THROUGH CANADA OR MEXICO SHOULD ANSWER THE 
QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE, AND THEY SHOULD BE 
ANSWERED IN ADDITION TO THE OTHER QUESTIONS 
ON THE REMAINING PAGES. 

Refer to your passport, ship’s card, and baggage labels, if you have 
any, to help you answer these questions. Mail your passport or ship’s card 







84 


American Citizenship 


to the Bureau of Naturalization with this form and it will be returned 
after it has been examined. 

1. My full name as given at time of sailing from Europe was. 


2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe was. 

3. I sailed on the vessel.-.. 

(Give name. If you can not remember name of. vessel, give the line.) 

4. The following are the names of the members of my family who came 

with me and other passengers on the vessel on which I sailed. 


5. I arrived at seaport of. 


on 


(Month.) 


(Day.). 


Canada, 

Mexico, 


(Year.) 


Canada 

6. My destination in Mexico was. 

(If alien informed immigration authorities at 
port of embarkation and at port of arrival in 
Canada or Mexico that he had no intention of 
remaining in that country, please so state.) 


7. I 


was going to join 


(Here give name of person and address.) 


8. I was.examined for admission into the United States at 

(If not examined, write “not” in blank space.) 


(If you were examined on a train, state this fact also.) 

9. My full name as given when examined for admission into the United 
States was. 


10. I entered the United States on. f . 

(Month.) (Day.)' ' (Year.)'"' 

at ... 

(Give name of place at border of the United States!) * 


























Sample Naturalization Form 


85 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

NATURALIZATION SERVICE 

FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 


My name is. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.) 

Also known as. . ... 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should 
be shown on line immediately above.) 

1. My place of residence is. 

(Number and name of street.) (City or town.) 


2 . 

3. 


(County.) 

My present occupation is. 

I was born on the.day of. 


(Country.) 


(State, Territory, or District.) 


., 18., at. 

(City or town.) 

, and my last foreign residence was 


4. 


..-v*-**;. } . 

(City or town.) (Country.) 

I emigrated to the United States from.... 

(Place where alien got on ship or train 
to come to the United States.) 


., on or about the.day of., 19. , 

(Country.) 

and arrived at the port of.,.. on the. 

(Port of arrival.) (State.) 

day of.. 19 ., on the vessel., of the.Line, 

by first cabin., second cabin., steerage. 


(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or 
name of transportation company should be given.) 

at which time my height was.feet.inches; complexion,.; 

color of hair,.; color of eyes,.; occupation,.; 

destined to... . 

(City or town.) (State.) 


and accompanied by.; destined to. 

(Person or persons to whom destined.) 


(If the alien came under some other name than his own name, the name used 
on the steamship must be given here, or the record of arrival can not be found.) 


(If the alien arrived as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in any other man¬ 
ner than as a passenger, please so state.) 

5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States on the 
.day of.19., at... , 

(Location of court.) 


ini the. 
6. I am. 


.Court of.. 

married. My wife’s name is. 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give 
the name of his wife when living, and 
state place of her birth, and fact of her 
death; if. not married, he should enter 
“not” in first sentence.) 





















































86 


American Citizenship 


She was born on the.day of.* 1 -> 

at....___......._____,.....—.. . 

(Country.) (Country.) 

and now resides at.-.-•.. 

(Number and street.) 

.. I have_children, and 

(City or town.) (State or country.) ... 

the name , date and place of birth, and place of residence of each 
of said children is as follows: 


., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

born.... 

....day of.... 

.1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

.> at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 


7. I now owe allegiance to.... 

(Name of sovereign and country of which alien is now a subject.) 


8. I am able to speak the English language. 

9. I have resided continuously in the United States since the.day of 

. 19.and in the 

{ Territory of] 
State J- 

District J 


since the.day of..., 19. 

10. I have.heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts required 
should be fully stated in the following blanks:) 

I previously petitioned for citizenship to the.Court, at 


(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the.day of., 1., which was denied for the 

following reason: .. . . 

The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the 
United States, who have known you for at least five years, last past, as a resident of 
the State in which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are of good moral 
character, that you are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United 
States, and who will appear with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also 
be present at the hearing of the petition by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, 
last past, but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of 
residence within said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence 
in some other State must be shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or 
other witnesses appearing in person, or by depositions taken unde rsection 10 of the 
naturalization act of June 29, 1906. The required form for notice to take depositions 
may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition is filed. 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if. those appearing with me at 
the time of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of 
the hearing— 


. . 

(Name.) 




. ..... 

(Occupation.) 


(Residence address.) 
(Residence address.) 


(Name.) 


(Occupation.) 
















































































Sample Naturalization Form 


87 


[Sample Naturalization Form] 

Form 2214 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
Naturalization Service 


&*“NOTE—For Use of Aliens Who Arrived BEFORE June 29, 1906. 


FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 


Clerk of court and applicant should read these instructions carefully. 

Clerks of courts should 1 refuse to execute petitions for aliens who 
arrive in the United States after June 29, 1906, until certificate of arrival 
is furnished the clerk by the Bureau of Naturalization, after request of 
the alien on Form 222-6. (See rule 5 of the Regulations.) 

A copy oi this form (2214) should be furnished by the clerk of court 
to each applicant for a petition for naturalization who arrived in this coun¬ 
try on or before June 29, 1906, so that he can at his leisure fill in the 
answers to the questions. 

The clerk of the court must collect the fee of $4 before he commences 
to HU out the petition. 

No fee is chargeable for this blank or for the execution thereof by 
the clerk or deputy clerk. 

After being ailed out, this form is to be taken by the applicant to the 
clerk, to be used by him in properly ailing out the petition. 

Witnesses must be citizens of the United States. If any witness is a 
naturalized citizen, he must take his certificate of citizenship, or so-called 
second paper, to the court when the petition is filed, and also when it is 
heard by the court. 

My name is.... 

(Alien* should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.) 

Also known as...-... 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should 
be shown on line immediately above.) 

State any change you want made in your name. 

1. My place of residence is. 

(Number and name of street.) (City or town.) 


(County.) (State, Territory, District.) 

2. My present occupation is. 

3. I was born on the.day of., 18., at... 

(City or town.) 

(Country.) 

4. I emigrated to the United States from. 

(Place where alien got on ship to 
come to the United States.) 

.. on or about the.day of., 19., 

(Country.) 

and arrived in the United States at the port of..., 

(Port of arrival.) 

.. on the.day of., 1., 

(State.) 

on the vessel.. 


(If the "alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or 
name of transportation company should be given.) 

5. I declared my intention (No.) to become a citizen of 

the United States on the.day of. ... ., 19., 

at. in the .Court of. 


(Location of court.) 




































88 


American Citizenship 


6. I am.married. 


My wife’s name is ..V—i"J—'— 

(Petitioner, if a widower, should give 
the name of his wife when living, and 
state place of her birth, and fact of hif 
death; if not married, he should entef 
“not” in first sentence.) 


She was born on the.day of. 


1., at . 

(City or town.) 


(Country.) 


and now resides at , ^ . » 

(Number and street.) 

I have.children, and 

"(City or town.) ’ (State or country.) 

the name , date , and place of birth, and 1 place of residence of each 
of said children is as follows: 


., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

..., at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

at. 

..; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

..., at. 

..; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of.... 

1. 

..., at. 

..; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of— 

-v 3. 

at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

... day of— 

1. 

at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

....day of— 

1. 

at. 

.; resides at. 

., born.... 

.....day of— 

-v 1. 

..., at. 

.; resides at. 


7. I now owe allegiance to...-. : .-.- 

(Name of sovereign and country of which alien is now a subject.) 

8. I am able to speak the English language. 

9. I have resided continuously in the United States since the.day of 

., 1., and in the 

f State 1 

-j Territory f of. 

[ District j 

since the.day of.. 1. 

10. I have.heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts required 
should be fully stated in the following blanks:) 

I previoausly petitioned for citizenship to the.Court, at 


..................... ----— s ..j ..*.... 

(City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) 

on the.day of., 1., which was denied for the 

following reason: . 


The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the 
United States, who have known you for at least five years, last past, as a resident of 
the State in which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are of good moral 
character, that you are qualified in every w r ay to be admitted a citizen of the United 
States, and who will appear with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also 
be present at the hearing of the petition by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, 
last past, but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of 
residence within said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence 
in some• other State must be shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or 
other witnesses appearing in person, or by depositions taken unde rsection 10 of the 
naturalization act of June 29, 1906. The required form for notice to take depositions 
may be obtained from the clerk of court when petition is filed. 


(Name.) 


(Occupation.) 


(Residence address.) 


•.— . .* ... } ..... 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Names of witnesses who will be substituted by me if those appearing with me at 



















































































Sample Naturalization Form 


89 


the time of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of 
the hearing— 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

...j .....^ . 

(Name.) (Occupation.) (Residence address.) 

Each of the above-named witnesses has known me in the United States 

since at least., ., and in the State of.... 

(Month.) (Year.) 

Since at least...- I herewith present my 

(Month.) (Year.) 

Declaration of Intention to become a citizen of the United States. 








90 American Citizenship 

SAMPLE BALLOT FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT 



DEMOCRATIC TICKET 

For President,! 


For Vice President,; 


§ JAMES M. COX 


REPUBLICAN TICKET 

For President, 

For 


. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 


For Electors «f President and 
Vice President, 
OSCAR E. BRADFUTE 


JAMES F. MALLEY 


ALFRED M. COHEN 


CHARLES A. AULL 


CHARLES D. FADLER 


a FINLEY MILLS 


B. A. UNVERFERTH 


ROY H. BUNN 


WM. T. HAVILAND 


LEWIS H. BATTEFELD 


CHARLES H. GRAVES 


OSCAR McLAUGHLIN 


JOHN A. MAYER 


GUY WINEGARNER 


LEWIS F. WHITE 


WILLIAM F. STECK 


EDWARD J. MILD REN 


MARION O. SHERER 


FRENCH W. SEVERNS 


SAMUEL J. McCUNE 


JOHN J. BOYLE 


JOSEPH S. BACKOWSKI 


PATRICK J. McGINTY 


ARCHIE KENNEL 


= WARREN G. HARPIN G! 
Vice President. - = 

CALVIN COOLIDGEj 


SOCIALIST TICKET 

= EUG ENE V. DEBS 
For Vice President. =■— 

1 SEYMOUR STEDMAN, 


For Electors o( President and 
Vice President, 

WM. H. BOYD 


L. J. TABER 


GEORGE PUCHTA 


W. J. HOWARD 


DWIGHT E. SMITH. 


GEORGE W. PORTER 


A B. OSBORN 


W. L- REMLEY 


L N. ZEARING 


RALPH O. PERROTT 


J. G. STEINKAMP 


J. B. UNDSAY 


BARTON-WALTERS 


L. W. BUCKMASTER 


CHARLES THOMPSON 


W. B. BALDWIN 


F. M. MARTIN 


C R WHITE 


C. R FREDRICKSON 


W. W. COWAN 


C. L. SHAYLOR 


-L E. ARCHER 


A B. SPROSTY 


THEODORE MYLER 


For Electors of President and I 
Vice President, 

E. B. EUBANKS 


ERNEST. GERLACH 


MAX SANDIN 


JULIUS SCHULTZ, JR 


chas. a McClellan 


LOUIS P. WELFERS 


SIDNEY YELLEN 


JACOB BRAND 


HENRY KUHLMAN 


S. WEISSBERG 


GEORGE MEYER 


H. SHAPIRO 


AUGUST MALMS 


C R STONE 


HENRY FREY 


OSCAR K. EDELMAN 


WILLARD BARRINGER 


DAN P. FARRELL 


EDWIN L. RODGERS 


ELMER G. HAGER 


ARTHUR SAPP 


JOHN P. BAKER 


•FRED W. KUNTZ 


ELMER A BLOCHER 


'sfor/w 

SINGLE TAX TICKET 


For President.^-— - .= 

~ . : R C MACAULEY 

For Vice President.- 
-- - - - £ BARNUM 



For Electors of President and 
Vice President, 

F. E. BARNUM 


THOS. TAYLOR 


JOHN E. JENNINGS 


EVAN J. EDWARDS 


W. F. HAMMOND 


ARTHUR J. MORCOMB 


W. E. TUTTLE 


JOHN McCAUGHTRY 


W. J. WILLIAMS 


ALBERT DAVIS 


john McGovern 


JOHN KELLY 


& G. FOOTE 


E. LEE YOUNG 


M. T. FOOTE 


M. C FISHER 


a a budde 


JAS. D. McDOUGALL 


A R NELSON 


A M. FINNIE 


ANDREW RUSSELL 


JAMES H. McCQRMICK 


MORGAN DAVIS 



_ 












































































































































SAMPLE BALLOT FOR STATE AND COUNTY OFFICERS 



i DEMOCRATIC TICKET. g REPUBLICAN TICKET; 


For Governor 
VIC DONAHEY 


For Lieutenant Governor 
POWELL WRIGHT 


For Secretary of State 
WILLIAM D. FULTON 


/ For Auditor of State 
DANIEL E. BUTLER 


For Treasurer of State 
CHARLES B. ORWIG 


For Attorney General 
JOSEPH McGHEE 


For United States Senator 
W. A. JULIAN 


For Representative to 
Congress—20th District 

CHARLES A. MOONEY 


For State Senator 
(Vote for not more than Poor) 


WM. AGNEW 


TOM M. NORRIS 


JAS. A. REYNOLDS 


JOHN C SMITH 


For Representative to General 
Assembly 
(Vote for not more than Fo urtee n) 


OTTO J. BARTUNEK 


NORMAN R. BLISS 


W. J. BURNS 


PATRICK J. DALEY 


JAMES D. FILBIN 


GEO. F. GREVE 


JAMES P. MANGAN 


GEO. J W. MATHEWS 


E A. MEYERS 


JOHN TJ. MOORE 


W A. NASH 


M. J. WALSH 


CARL V WEYGANDT 


CHAS. J WOLFRAM 


For Clerk of the Common 
Pleas Court 

EDMUND B. HASERODT 


For Sheriff 
JOSEPH T BALL 


For County Qommissioner 
(Vote for not more than Three) 


TOM REYNOLDS 


WM. STOLTE 


JOHN M. SULZMANN 


For County Treasurer 
E. J. HAN RATTY 


For County Recorder 
HOSEA PAUL 


For County Surveyor 
W. A. STINCHCOMB 


For Prosecuting Attorney 
E J. HOPPLE 


For Coroner 
W. J. ZOUL 


For Governor 
HARRY L DAVIS 


For Lieutenant Governor 
CLARENCE J. BROWN 


For Secretary of State 
HARVEY C. SMITH 


For Auditor of State 
JOSEPH T. TRACY 


For Treasurer of State 
RUDOLPH W. ARCHER 


For Attorney General 
JOHN a PRICE 


For United States Senator 
FRANK B. WILLIS 


For Representative to 

Congress—20th District 
MINER a NORTON 


For State Senator 
(Vote for not more than Poor) 


GEORGE H BENDER 


ARTHUR R DAY. 


WILLIAM R. GREEN 


JOSEPH J. ROWE 


For Representative to 
General Assembly 
(Vote for not more than Fourteen) 


HENRY C. BECK 


CHARLES BRENNER 


WALTER C COLE 


A S. COOLEY 


HARRY E DAVIS 


R. F EDWARDS 


OWEN N. EVANS 


JOHN G FISCHER 


•GEORGE W. GREENE 


RICHARD R. HAWKINS 


L. L. MARSHALL 


ALBERT W SNOW 


M. J. WALTHER 


S. E. WOODS 


For/ Clerk of the Common 
Pleas Court 

GEO'RGE WALLACE 


For Sheriff 
C B. STANNARD 


For County Commissioner 
(Vote for not more than Three) 


ALVA R. DITTRICK 


FRED KOHLER 


JERRY R- ZMUNT 


For County Treasurer 
RALPH C. McBRIDE 


For County Recorder 
LYMAN O. NEWELL 


-r 


For County Surveyor 
FRANK R. LANDER 


For Prosicuting Attorney 
EDWARD C STANTON 


For Coroner 

A P. HAMMOND* 


SOCIALIST TICKET. 


For Governor 
FRANK B. HAMILTON 


For Lieutenant Governor 
O. G. VAN SCHOYCK 


For Secretary of State 
GEORGE MARKERT 


For Auditor of State 
LOUIS a NEFF 


For Treasurer of State 
MAX GOODMAN 


For Attorney General 
JOSEPH ^V SHARTS 


For United. States Senator 



SINGLE TAX TICKET 



For Governor 

EARL a FOOTE 

if 




For Lieutenant Governor 

W. O. BLASE 

I 

• 



For Secretary of State 
JASPER SHUMAN 

: v 

|§ 




For Auditor of State 

U R. TRIPP 

H 




For Treasurer of State 
ADAM LEHR 

n 




For Attorney General 
GEORGE EDWARDS 

M 




For United States Senator 
HENRY R. STRONG 

M 





1= 


For Representative to 
Congre**-^20th District' 

NICHOLAS P. GEIGER 




== 

For State Senator 

- - 


= 


(Vote for not more than Poor) 

ISSAC COUN • 



H 


ELIZABETH GEIGER 

* 


EE 


THOMAS G. ROGERS 



EE 


RUDDY WIEGAND 



H 

M 

For Representative to 
General Assembly 
(Vote for not more than Fourteen) 




ummm 

•j 


. . 


RALPH R. BURKHOLDER 



EE 


WALTER DAVISON 



E- 







LOUIS FAULHABER . 





ALBERT R. GRIFFITH 



n 


GARFIELD flILGARDNER 



=E 


THEODORE KAEHLER 

v 



|§ 


WALTER KATELY 



= 

' 

LOUIS MAUERER 





IRA MISENER 





OTTO SCHNEIDER 



EE 


‘ HARRY STIER 



EE 


MICHAEL TISHLER 



= 


WILLIAM A VAUGHN 



EE 


WILLIAM D. WOOSTER 



n 


For Clerk of the Common 
Pleas Court 
WILLIAM GILTNER 



n 


For Sheriff 

MURRAY YOUTZ 

■ 


zzz 

• - ■ 

For County Commissioner 
(Vote for not more than Threo) 


SE 


AUGUST BOEST 



n 


EDWARD KARBON 



— 


CHARLOTTE SMITH 



n 


For County Treasurer 
JOHN JAY PHARE 



Is 


For County Recorder 
HENRY RICHTER 



§f 




* 

== 

=E 





=£ 

= 

Ba 


For Coroner 

MAX CAMIN 


FARMER-LABOR TICKET 




































































































































































































































































SAMPLE BALLOT FOR JUDGES 


HBiii 

JUDICIAL TICKET 

| 

Make a (X) in the Square to the Left of the 
Name of the Candidate to be voted for. 

s 

SEE 

Chief Justice of Supreme Court 

(Vote for one) 



JOS. W. GOTTLIEB 



C. T. MARSHALL 

| 

mum 


HUGH U-NICHOLS 

|g 



i 

==E 

Judge of Supreme Court 

Long Term 
(Vote for Two) 

s 

n 


THOMAS A. JONES 

i 


GEORGE W. MANNIX, Jr. 

i 


EDWARD S. MATTHIAS 


i 


DAN B. CULL 

ee 


FRANK R. EIElD 

1 

n 


G. D. HERSEY 

H 



mmim 

I 



H 

Judge of Supreme Court 
Short Terra 

(Vote for one) 

jS 


COLEMAN AVERY 

mil 


GEORGE COOK 



BENSON W. HOUGH 



■ 

= 

For Judge of the Court of 
Appeals—Six Year Term 

(Vote for one) 

( 


ALVAN JF. INGERSOLL 

li 


THOMAS S. DUNLAP 

ji 

mm 




For Judge of the Court of 
Common Pleas—Term Ending 
'December 31, 1920 

(Vote for one) 


H. G. SCHAIBLY 


FRANK S. DAY 


For Judge of the Court of 
Common Pleas—Term Ending 
December 31, 1922 

(Vote for one) 


MAURICE BERNON 


For Judge of . the Court of 
Common Plpas—T^rm 
Beginning January I, 1921 

(Vote for four) 


HENRY I. EMERSON 


WILLIAM GORDON 


THOMAS M. KENNEDY 


MANUEL LEVINE 


W. B. NEFF 


MORTIMER L. STEUER 


JAMES F. WILSON 


GEORGE S. ADDAMS 


FLORENCE E. ALLEN 


WM. B. BEEBE 


For Judge of the Probate Court 

(Vote for one) 


ALEXANDER HADDEN 


IIHIIIIIIUII 














































































































Sample Ballot 


93 


VOTING ON OTHER QUESTIONS * 

The following are sample ballots showing kinds of ques¬ 
tions upon which voters must decide: 




E 

Act of the Eighty-second 
General-Assembly Ordered, by 
Referendum Petition, to be Sub¬ 
mitted to the Electors of the 
State. 

EE| 

§E 



HOUSE BILL No. 16 

=§l 

— 



(WOMAN SUFFRAGE 





FOR PRESIDENTIAL 


EE 


Yes 

ELECTORS) 


EE 



The Act, known as the 

111 1 

iE 



Reynolds Act approved by 

EE 

. _ 



the Governor on Febru¬ 

zzmz 

—• 



ary 21 1917, and hied 


EE 



with the Secretary of 

j= 

EE 



State February' 21, 1917, 

zzz 




amends Sections 4862 and 


*—7 



4940 of the General Code 

— 

EE 


No 

of Ohio. Said Act pro¬ 

= 




vides that women may 





vote and be voted for, for 

EE 




presidential electors. 

EE 





2— 





unninni 

Proposed Amendment to 
the Constitution 




Yes 

ARTICLE XV, 
SECTION 9 

H 

t TT m 



Prohibition of the Sale 

EE 

E 


No 

and Manufacture for Sale 
of Intoxicating Liquors 
as a Beverage. 

5 




















































■ 








* 































( 





















































































ADDRESS DELIVERED BY PRESIDENT LINCOLN IN 
1863 IN HONOR OF SOLDIERS WHO FOUGHT 
AT GETTYSBURG 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on 
this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated 
to the proposition that all men are created equal. 

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether 
that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can 
long endure. W T e are met on a great battlefield of that war. 
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final 
resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that 
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we 
should do this. 

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot con¬ 
secrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, liv¬ 
ing and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far 
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little 
note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never 
forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be 
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought 
here thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be dedi¬ 
cated to the great task remaining before us—that from these 
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for 
which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we 
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; 
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free¬ 
dom; and that government of the people, by the people, for 
the people, shall not perish from the earth. 





